According to general management theory, the formation of contemporary western management theory and management school has gone through three stages. The first stage is the classical management theory represented by Taylor and others formed at the beginning of this century. The scientific management advocated by Taylor and others, with the goal of improving labor productivity, has carried out a series of explorations in operating procedures, work quotas, differential wage system, division of functions, management principles, etc., and created a new era of scientific management. However, people's understanding is flawed. First, treat people as economic people and overemphasize material stimulation. The second is to treat people as tools like machines. The second stage is the behavioral science theory that began in the 1920s and 1930s. Behavioral science focuses on human needs, behavioral motives, interpersonal relationships, incentive theory and so on. Advocating to stimulate people's enthusiasm in various ways. But at that time, people's motivation was still regarded as a management tool, not an end. The third stage is the school of management science, which is characterized by extensive use of mathematical methods and computers. At this stage, many new management technologies have emerged, which have promoted the modernization of management means and methods and improved the accuracy and scientific level of management. However, practice shows that although modern management technology is effective, it cannot replace the modernization of management ideas and personnel.
It was predicted that with the wide application of new technology and modern management science, people's role in economic activities may decline. However, the reality of competition makes people gradually realize that those who produce products and provide services, as well as those who use products and enjoy services, should never be forgotten. On the contrary, in the new stage or the fourth stage of the development of management thought, people's understanding has been sublimated. At this stage, people are the most important resource and the most precious wealth. The theory of individual needs and mental health is put forward, and a series of new ideas and concepts such as relying more on employees' self-guidance, self-control and human management are put forward. In practice, people-oriented management has been actively promoted and rich experience has been accumulated. It can be said that people-centered management is one of the important features of the new stage.
In a word, the fourth stage management theory is the extension and sublimation of the second and third stage management theory, which can be summarized as two major trends or characteristics: first, the humanistic management sublimated by behavioral science; Second, on the basis of many schools of management science, system management will be promoted to a new height.
Second, a comprehensive understanding of the connotation of people-oriented management
The so-called people-oriented management is different from the traditional management mode of "seeing things but not people" or taking people as tools and means, but on the basis of deeply understanding the role of people in social and economic activities, it highlights people's position in management and realizes people-oriented management. Specifically, it mainly includes the following meanings:
(1) People-oriented-a brand-new management concept. For a long time in the past, people were keen on one-sided pursuit of output value and profit, ignoring those who created output value and wealth and those who used products. In the practice of production and management, people gradually realize that it is not machinery and equipment that determine the development ability of an enterprise and a society, but the knowledge, wisdom, talent and skills that people have. Man is the main body of social and economic activities and the most important resource among all resources. In the final analysis, all economic activities are carried out by people; Without vitality, enterprises have no vitality and competitiveness. Therefore, we must establish a people-oriented business philosophy and create brilliant achievements of the organization through the joint efforts of all members.
(2) Developing human potential-the most important management task. Life is limited, wisdom is infinite, and people usually hide a lot of talents and abilities. The task of management is how to maximize the enthusiasm of people, release people's hidden energy, and let people devote themselves to their careers with great enthusiasm and creativity. The liberation of productive forces is first and foremost the liberation of human beings. Fundamentally speaking, the reform we are currently carrying out is to create a good environment and mechanism for the full play of the talents of hundreds of millions of people.
(3) Respect everyone-the highest business purpose of the enterprise. As a capitalist, everyone, whether a leader or an ordinary employee, has an independent personality and has the dignity and rights to be a human being. Regardless of the East or the West, people often regard dignity as a more important spiritual symbol than life. China is a socialist country, and people should be respected to the greatest extent and their rights should be better protected. Any phenomenon that insults people or damages human rights is not allowed. A dignified person will be strict with himself. When his work is fully affirmed and respected, he will try his best to fulfill his due responsibilities.
As an enterprise, we should respect not only every employee, but also every consumer and user. Because an enterprise can exist because they are accepted and recognized by consumers, we should make every effort to satisfy consumers and feel that we are the real God.
(4) Building a high-quality staff-the foundation of organizational success. A well-trained staff is very important for enterprises. Every enterprise should take cultivating people and constantly improving the comprehensive quality of employees as its regular task. Especially in the rapidly changing modern times, the life cycle of technology is shortening and the speed of knowledge updating is accelerating. Everyone, every organization, should constantly learn to adapt to the changes in the environment and reshape themselves. Improving the quality of employees means improving the vitality of enterprises.
(5) All-round development of people-the ultimate goal of management. The era of reform is bound to be an era when hundreds of millions of people are refreshed, comfortable and make great efforts to govern; It will certainly create a broad space for people's free and all-round development. Furthermore, the free and all-round development of human beings is the symbol of human social progress, the highest goal of social and economic development, and therefore the ultimate goal of management.
(6) Human cohesion-an important guarantee for the effective operation of an organization. The organization itself is a living body, and everyone in the organization is just a part of this organic living body. Therefore, management should not only study the enthusiasm, creativity and quality of each member, but also study the cohesion and centripetal force of the whole organization to form a strong resultant force. Proceeding from this essential requirement, a competitive modern enterprise should be a Qixin team with Qi Xin's concerted efforts, tacit cooperation and coordinated operations. How to strengthen the joint efforts of organizations and build enterprises into modern and competitive teams is also one of the important contents to be studied in humanistic management.
Third, the essence of people-oriented management
The author once discussed humanistic management with Professor Chen Yi 'an, a famous management scientist in Taiwan Province Province. Professor Chen refines the core of people-oriented management into three sentences, namely: lighting up the brilliance of human nature; Return to the value of life; * * * Create prosperity and happiness. The author believes that this is the essence and highest purpose of people-oriented management. According to the author's understanding, the explanation is as follows:
1. Light up the brilliance of human nature
Management in line with human nature is the best management. In a sense, the history of human civilization is a more humanized process and a process of continuous sublimation of human nature. People have a glorious side and a lazy, negative and dark side. The problem is how to induce them. Igniting the brilliance of human nature is the primary mission of management, which is to stimulate people's pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty. The so-called truth is to be a real person, a sincere person, a real person, that is, to be true to yourself, tell the truth, do practical things, pursue truth and treat others sincerely. The so-called goodness is to have a kind heart, a kind heart; Not only self-respect, but also love others, enterprises and the country; Care about people, the collective and the overall situation. The so-called beauty is the pursuit of beautiful ideals, beautiful wishes, beautiful things and beautiful careers. The unity of truth, goodness and beauty is the highest realm of human nature and the highest realm pursued by human beings.
2. Return to the value of life
Different people have different understandings of the value of life. Money, official position, luxury and lust may be the pursuit of some people, but they are by no means meaningful lives. The true value of life can be summarized as:
(1) Return to the dignity of life. Dignity is regarded as one of the important characteristics of human nature. Every employee is a person with independent personality and should be respected. When a person is respected and affirmed, he will have a sense of self-esteem and will try his best to perform his due duties.
(2) Reasonable life orientation. Society is made up of many people, who play different roles, and each role is indispensable; Who lives more valuable depends on whether he plays that role dutifully or not. For the relationship between enterprises and employees, firstly, employees are not tools, but people, which are capitalized and should be respected; Secondly, carefully design the positions where each employee can give play to his expertise, so that he can give full play to his talents and get his place.
(3) realize its own value. Integrate yourself into your work and career and make some achievements. People who have this kind of pursuit often regard career as their life and work as their pleasure.
(4) Actively contribute to society. Life should not only pursue personal needs, its own survival and development, but also actively repay society and contribute to society and others. The highest value of life lies in dedication, and the greatest happiness of life lies in dedication. As the famous writer Bernard Shaw said, "The real happiness in life comes when you devote yourself to a goal that you think is supreme".
3.* * * Create prosperity and happiness
An enterprise is a group of people, run by all employees. In an enterprise, if every employee has a sense of "this is our company", and if business operators regard employees as "partners" in the same boat and "create harmony with gratitude", then this enterprise must be a successful enterprise and a joint enterprise to create prosperity and happiness.
A team that integrates personal life value with enterprise value depends on the character, talent and image of enterprise leaders. A diligent, honest, sincere and respected leader is a kind of motivation in itself, which makes employees work hard willingly; Secondly, it is necessary to let employees know the company's goals and problems in various ways, so that every employee can think and seek solutions to problems like the general manager, and contribute to the labor and wisdom of the enterprise, forming a management pattern of "one thousand people bear one thousand burdens, one thousand people manage one thousand factories"; Thirdly, let employees grow up together with the enterprise, let employees share the operating results of the enterprise, truly form a common destiny and get happiness together in the prosperity created by * * *.
Light up the brilliance of human nature, return to the value of life and create overall prosperity and happiness, which fully embodies the goal and purpose of people-oriented management.
Fourth, people-oriented management projects
People-oriented management involves the cultivation and growth of people, the selection and appointment of people, the exertion of people's enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and the participation of employees in management, interpersonal relationship and team building. They are influenced by many factors, such as politics, economy, society, culture, technology and psychology, which are intertwined. It can be seen that people-oriented management is a multi-objective, multi-factor and multi-functional complex system engineering. As an overall system, humanistic management engineering includes a series of subsystems, each of which has different functions and goals; On the basis of the effective operation of each subsystem, make them coordinate and cooperate with each other to form a greater overall function of humanistic management system, so as to achieve the expected goal of humanistic management. These subsystems are mainly:
1. code of conduct project. No one likes living in noise, and no one wants to live in chaos. In and out of theaters, cinemas and other public places, if the documents are in and out in turn, the speed is very fast; If you rush in, no one can get in or out. It can be seen that system and order are a kind of civilization, which will also produce efficiency and ensure the rationalization of people's behavior. Due to China's long-term neglect of management, a considerable number of enterprises are lax in discipline and disorderly. Therefore, it is imperative to be strict with requirements and strengthen management.
2. Leader self-discipline project. The ability and knowledge of enterprise leaders are related to the success or failure of enterprises. Those business leaders who devote themselves to their careers, their selfless dedication and enthusiasm for the company, will strongly infect employees and make the whole enterprise full of vitality. Even for loss-making enterprises, if leaders can share joys and sorrows with employees, they will also mobilize the enthusiasm of employees.
3. Benefit-driven project. People's demand for material life is the basic demand, so for ordinary employees, interest-driven is still the most important factor. At present, there are still egalitarian tendencies in Chinese enterprises; Outside the enterprise, unfair and abnormal distribution in society will inevitably affect the enthusiasm of employees. Establishing an effective benefit distribution mechanism includes: first, determining a reasonable wage difference and striving to make everyone's income commensurate with their actual contribution; The second is to implement flexible wage system, so that employees' income is closely linked to the actual benefits of enterprises; The third is to introduce competition mechanism into the distribution of benefits, so as to rationalize the income distribution through competition; Fourth, take wages as leverage to guide people to actively solve the difficulties and key problems faced by the company, and increase incentives for those who have made significant contributions to solving these problems.
4. Spiritual Outlook Project. This means not only giving praise, honorary titles or affirmation, respect, trust, appreciation and so on. It also includes broader and richer connotations, such as inspiring people's spirit, establishing correct values, enhancing professionalism, sense of responsibility and professional ethics, and establishing good factories and social customs.
5. Staff training programs. It is a long-term plan for the development of enterprises to comprehensively improve the quality of employees and continuously cultivate their growth and progress, which must be paid enough attention to. At present, the overall quality of employees in China enterprises is poor. According to statistics, among the existing 300 million employees, 70% have an education level below junior high school, and quite a few of them are actually illiterate and semi-illiterate. There is a serious shortage of senior technicians, and senior technicians are less than 2%. This situation is far from meeting the requirements of a modern, knowledgeable and intelligent society. This problem should not only attract the attention of the state and society, but also attract the attention of every enterprise.
6. Corporate image project. Corporate image is the overall evaluation of enterprises by society, which can be analyzed from different angles. One analysis method is that product image+personnel (including leaders and employees) image+service and reputation = the overall image of the enterprise. The author believes that product image is the most important factor of corporate image, and it also reflects the image of the country to some extent. For example, people first learned about Japan through famous brands such as Panasonic, Toshiba and Toyota. Of course, people must be created before making products. Without excellent employees, we can't make high-quality products. At the same time, modern market competition pays more and more attention to credibility.
Another analysis method is CI theory analysis. Corporate image includes mind identity, behavior recognition and visual recognition, which are a unified whole. Visual recognition, giving enterprises external packaging, such as trademarks, factory logos, brands, slogans, etc. It is necessary to give people distinctive characteristics and personality. However, the author believes that the enterprise concept is the soul of the enterprise and the internal image of the enterprise, which deserves more attention. Some enterprises pay too much attention to external packaging and ignore internal image, which is one-sided.
7. Cohesion project. All successful enterprises are enterprises with strong cohesion. The main factors that affect enterprise cohesion are: (1) knowledge of the target; (2) clear responsibilities; (3) the influence and prestige of the leader; (4) strict discipline; (5) Employee participation; (6) sense of responsibility and respect for people; (7) the formation of the same interest subject; (8) the growth of enterprise performance; (9) employees' ideals, pursuits and ideological realm; (10) Harmonious interpersonal relationship; (1 1) The attraction of the work itself; (12) The environment for employees to realize their own values.
8. Enterprise creative projects. Innovation is the basic feature of entrepreneurs. Schumpeter, a famous western economist, believes that ordinary factory directors and managers cannot be called entrepreneurs, but only operators who can innovate constantly can be called entrepreneurs. Only such entrepreneurs can push the enterprise forward. For example, before Toyota Motor Corporation squeezed into the world market and became a powerful automobile group, it created just-in-time management, which greatly reduced costs and improved efficiency. By creating decentralized management, General Motors can beat its powerful competitor Ford. Xu Wenlong, a famous entrepreneur in Taiwan Province, dominates the global ABS market with his leading business concept.
Stimulating the creativity of all employees is the highest goal of human resources development. As an enterprise, we need to create an environment and mechanism to stimulate employees' creativity: first, create a relaxed environment, encourage employees to explore innovative spirit and adventurous spirit, and create an atmosphere of active thinking and advocating free exploration; The second is to establish a correct evaluation and incentive mechanism, reward and reuse pioneers with outstanding achievements, and make it difficult for people who stick to the rules and do nothing to stand on their feet; Third, strengthen the competition mechanism in enterprises, encourage people to study new trends and problems, and define the specific goals of technological innovation and management innovation to meet the requirements of the times; Fourthly, enterprises are required to organize employees to constantly learn and update their knowledge, and guide them to face the challenges brought by the new changes in the research market, the new trends in technology and the real economic life.
The above eight sub-system projects must coordinate and cooperate with each other to promote and improve the overall efficiency of the people-oriented management system.
Five, people-oriented management mechanism
The key to effective people-oriented management is to establish a set of perfect management mechanism and environment, so that every employee is not in a passive managed state, but in an active state of automatic operation, and encourages employees to make continuous progress and strive to govern. Humanistic management mainly includes the following interrelated mechanisms:
1. Dynamic mechanism. It aims to form a powerful motivation for employees' internal pursuit, mainly including material motivation and spiritual motivation, that is, interest incentive mechanism and spiritual incentive mechanism. The two complement each other and cannot be neglected.
2. Stress mechanism. Including competition pressure and target responsibility pressure. Competition often gives people challenges and a sense of crisis. It is this sense of crisis and challenge that gives people the strength to struggle forward. Therefore, in personnel selection, salary and reward management, we should give full play to the competitive mechanism of survival of the fittest. The target responsibility system is to make people have a clear direction and responsibility, forcing people to work hard and do their duty.
3. Binding mechanism. Institutional norms and ethical norms make people's behavior follow, and make people know what to do, how to do it, and how to do it right. System is a tangible constraint, and ethics is an intangible constraint; The former is the laws and regulations of enterprises and a mandatory constraint, while the latter is mainly self-constraint and social public opinion constraint. When people's spiritual realm is further improved, these two constraints will be transformed into conscious behaviors.
4. Guarantee mechanism. Including legal guarantee and social security system guarantee. Legal protection mainly refers to the legal protection of personal basic rights, interests, reputation and personality from infringement. The social security system is mainly to ensure the normal life of employees in the case of illness, old age, injury, disability and unemployment. The enterprise welfare system outside the social security system is a means to stimulate and enhance enterprise cohesion.
5. Selection mechanism. It mainly means that employees have the right to freely choose their jobs, the right to apply for resignation and the right to choose a new job, so as to promote the rational flow of talents; At the same time, enterprises also have the right to choose and dismiss. In fact, this is also a competitive mechanism, which is conducive to the generation and optimization of talents and the establishment of a talent group with reasonable enterprise structure and excellent quality.
6. Environmental impact mechanism. People's enthusiasm and creativity are bound to be influenced by environmental factors. Mainly refers to two environmental factors: one is interpersonal relationship. Harmonious, friendly and harmonious interpersonal relationships will make people feel comfortable and happy to work in friendly cooperation and mutual concern; On the contrary, it will affect work mood and motivation. The second refers to the conditions and environment of the work itself. People spend most of their lives at work, and the improvement of working conditions and environment will inevitably affect people's mood and emotions. Improving working conditions and environmental quality first refers to the horizontal expansion and vertical enrichment of the work itself; Secondly, it refers to the advanced degree and completeness of tools, equipment and equipment necessary to complete the task; Thirdly, it refers to the spacious, clean, bright and comfortable workplace, as well as the greening, beautification and neatness of the factory. Creating a good interpersonal environment and working conditions environment, so that all employees can work and live with a cheerful and happy attitude, will not only promote the improvement of work efficiency, but also promote the improvement of people's civilization.