Chinese learning
First, cleverly set the thinking situation and infiltrate the guidance of learning methods
It is not easy for students to master reading methods and form reading ability overnight. Because some students have limited reading experience, in the teaching process, teachers can't directly impose abstract learning methods on students and ask them to recite; Students should not be allowed to "sneak around" on the pretext of learning to read. According to the characteristics of teaching materials, teachers should seize the opportunity of training, skillfully set the thinking situation, infiltrate the guidance of learning methods, let students learn actively and vividly, actively play the main role, make "teaching materials" become students' "learning materials", and let students understand learning methods in the practical exploration of teachers and students. Instruct students to read before reading, read after reading, think before reading, connect up and down, and feel as a whole, so that students can gradually master this important reading method while understanding knowledge.
Second, provide migration opportunities and consolidate the application of learning methods.
To master the learning method, students don't learn it at once. To truly understand and master reading methods and form learning ability, there must be a process of gradual understanding and absorption. Therefore, while students master the learning methods initially, they should also create opportunities for learning transfer, guide them to transfer the reading methods they have learned to similar learning situations, and make them understand the true meaning of reading methods in specific learning activities. In reading teaching, this kind of transfer learning can be carried out at multiple levels and angles. In addition, when you encounter knowledge with similar structure and ideas, you can also transfer the learning between articles. Teachers help half and let go, help more and let go more, and guide reading methods on the basis of students' self-study.
Grasping the internal connection of teaching materials for learning transfer can not only reveal laws, teach methods and stimulate interest, but also consolidate students' reading ability and improve their reading ability.
Third, review the learning process and summarize the learning methods.
Scientific learning methods come from successful learning practice. Therefore, teachers should be good at guiding students to review the learning process on the basis of understanding knowledge, guiding students to take their own learning process as the cognitive object, and helping them summarize the reading rules from successful learning, so as to consciously use these rules to explore new knowledge in the future.
The guidance of learning law should also embody the principle of teacher-led and student-centered. On the one hand, teachers should take advantage of the situation, on the other hand, they should give students the initiative to learn, let students read textbooks, let students talk about ideas, let students find rules, let students understand learning methods, and let reading methods truly become valuable spiritual wealth that students take the initiative to acquire.
Fourth, carry out sequence training to promote the development of cognitive strategies.
Mastering several specific methods does not mean that students have learned to read. The core of learning reading is that students integrate and internalize specific methods and become systematic, complete and flexible cognitive strategies. This process of integration and internalization requires teachers' long-term efforts. Teachers should start from every link of classroom teaching and carry out persistent training in a planned, conscious and orderly manner. The learning method itself has a certain order, and with the growth of grade, it spirals from low to high and from shallow to deep. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the learning methods that students have mastered in the past, guide students to "jump up" on the existing basis in teaching, and take a new step under the guidance of teachers; Under the guidance of teachers' sequence, we should constantly accumulate and enrich our own reading methods.
Accumulating certain learning methods is the premise for students to form cognitive strategies. Only when students consciously and flexibly use certain methods in different learning situations can they gradually form learning strategies. Therefore, the guidance of physical laws can not be carried out in isolation, but should be closely related to the cultivation of learning strategies, with emphasis on the latter.
Teaching students to learn can't stop at the level of letting students accept the ready-made knowledge provided by textbooks, nor can it be too limited to the level of knowledge and skill goals. It is necessary to encourage students to discover, ask, study and solve problems, so that the process of teaching students to learn can be realized with emotional goals.
How to master the learning method of mathematics?
Mathematics, a basic subject, is accompanied by the growth of every student from primary school, junior high school, senior high school to university. Students have invested a lot of time and energy, but not everyone is a success. Students admitted to high school should say that the foundation is good. However, after entering senior high school, some students can't adapt to such changes because of higher requirements on the difficulty, breadth and depth of knowledge, and their grades are divided due to differences in learning ability. Some students have changed from many junior high school students to high school losers, and they have failed many times in the periodic examination, and some are difficult to improve until they are reflected again in the college entrance examination. Some parents even keep asking such confusion: my XX. Especially for senior one students, the environment can be said to be brand-new. New textbooks, new classmates, new teachers, new groups ... Students have an adaptation process from unfamiliar to familiar. In addition, after a tense review of the senior high school entrance examination, some students will feel relaxed and have no sense of urgency after entering school. Some students are also afraid. Before entering school, they heard that high school mathematics was difficult to learn. At the beginning of high school math class, there are some abstract concepts that are really difficult to understand, such as mapping, set, straight lines in different planes and so on. This made them in a passive situation from the beginning. These factors seriously affect the learning quality of freshmen in senior high school. So how can we learn high school mathematics well? First, recognize the state of learning ability 1 and psychological quality. Whether a student's sense of honor and success in a specific junior high school environment can be brought to senior high school depends on whether he or she has the ability to face setbacks, calmly analyze problems and find ways to overcome difficulties and get out of trouble. Students who can learn can get good grades because they learn well. Good grades can stimulate interest, enhance confidence and want to learn more. The further development of knowledge and ability has formed a virtuous circle. Students who can't learn can't learn well and get poor grades. If they can sum up their lessons in time and change their learning methods, they will not learn badly, but they can still catch up with them after some efforts. If left unchecked, they will not make progress, work hard, lack perseverance and confidence, and their grades will get worse and worse. Therefore, high school study is a test of students' psychological quality. 2. Reflection on learning methods and habits, and recognition of (1) learning initiative. After entering high school, many students still have strong dependence psychology like junior high school. They follow the teacher's inertia and have no initiative in learning. They don't make plans, wait for classes, don't preview before classes, don't understand what the teacher is going to do in class, are busy taking notes in class, ignore the real class task, attend to one thing and lose sight of another, and learn passively. (2) the organization of learning. Teachers usually explain the ins and outs of knowledge in class, analyze the connotation and extension of concepts, analyze key points and difficulties, and highlight thinking methods. But some students don't pay attention in class, don't hear the main points clearly or can't hear them completely, take a lot of notes and have a lot of problems. After class, I can't consolidate, summarize and find the connection between knowledge in time, but I am busy with homework and confused questions, and I know little about concepts, laws, formulas and theorems. (3) ignoring the foundation. Some feel good about themselves; Some students often despise the study and training of basic knowledge, skills and methods, and often only know how to do it, but they are interested in difficult problems to show their level. They are ambitious and light, and they are caught in the sea of questions. They either make mistakes in calculation or get stuck in formal homework or exams. (4) Students' bad habits in practice and homework. Mainly answer, do not believe in their own conclusions, lack of confidence and determination to solve the problem; Discuss problems without thinking independently, and develop a psychological quality of dependence; Slow work, not talking about speed, can not train the agility of thinking; My thoughts are not concentrated, and my homework and practice are not efficient. 3. Cohesive ability of knowledge. The content of junior high school mathematics textbooks is popular and concrete, mostly constant, and the questions are few and simple; However, the content of high school mathematics is abstract, and the study of variables and letters focuses on both calculation and theoretical analysis, which increases the difficulty compared with junior high school. On the other hand, compared with junior high school, senior high school mathematics requires a qualitative leap in the depth, breadth and ability of knowledge, which requires students.
Master basic knowledge and skills to prepare for further study. Because of the low starting point of junior high school textbooks, the requirements for students' ability are also low. In recent years, due to the adjustment of the content of textbooks, although the difficulty of junior high school textbooks has been reduced, in contrast, the reduction of junior high school textbooks is relatively large, and some contents are not mentioned or talked about very shallowly to cope with the senior high school entrance examination (such as quadratic function and its application). This part of the content is not in high school textbooks, but it needs to be often mentioned or applied to solve other math problems. However, due to the limitation of the college entrance examination, high school teachers dare not reduce the difficulty, which leads to high school. Therefore, in a certain sense, the adjusted textbooks have not narrowed the difficulty gap between junior and senior high school textbooks, but have increased. If remedial measures are not taken, the differentiation of students' grades is inevitable. This involves the convergence of knowledge and ability in junior and senior high schools. Second, strive to improve their own ability 1, improve learning methods, and cultivate good study habits. Students with different learning abilities have different learning methods. Try to learn the learning methods of more successful students. Improving learning methods is a long-term systematic accumulation process. Only by constantly accepting new knowledge, constantly encountering setbacks and generating doubts, and constantly summing up, can one continuously improve. Students who can't summarize will not improve their ability, and frustration experience is the cornerstone of success. The biological evolution process of survival of the fittest in nature is the best example. Learning should always sum up the rules, with the aim of further development. Through the usual contact and communication with teachers and classmates, the general learning steps are gradually summarized, including: making a plan, self-study before class, paying attention to class, reviewing in time, working independently, solving problems, systematically summarizing and extracurricular learning, which are simply summarized as four links (preview, class, sorting and homework) and one step (review summary). Each link has profound content, strong purpose and pertinence, and should be put in place. Cultivate the habit of attending classes in classroom teaching. Listening is the main thing. Listening can make you concentrate, understand and listen to the key parts of the teacher's speech, and pay attention to thinking and analyzing problems while listening. But if you just listen and don't remember, or just remember and don't listen, you will not see one thing and the classroom efficiency will be low. So you should take notes properly and understand the main spirit and intention of the teacher in class. Coordinating activities with the five senses is the best habit. To cultivate homework habits in classroom and extracurricular exercises, we should not only do it neatly, but also cultivate aesthetic feeling and organization. This is to cultivate logical ability and must be done independently. Can cultivate a sense of responsibility for independent thinking and correct problem solving. When doing homework, we should advocate efficiency, and do not put off homework that should be completed in ten minutes for half an hour. Tired homework habits make our thinking loose and our energy unfocused, which is harmful to the cultivation of mathematical ability. We should grasp the study habits of mathematics from the first grade, and guide them from the psychological characteristics of age growth and the requirements of different learning stages. 2. Strengthen the benefits of four 5-minute classes. To improve mathematics ability, of course, through the classroom, we should make full use of this position. (1) Grasp the teaching materials. The process of learning mathematics is alive, so is the object of teachers' teaching, which changes with the development of teaching process, especially when teachers pay attention to ability teaching, and the teaching materials cannot be reflected. Mathematical ability is formed simultaneously with the occurrence of knowledge. Whether forming a concept, mastering a law or doing an exercise, we should cultivate and improve it from different ability angles. Through the teacher's teaching, we can understand the position of what we have learned in the textbook and make clear the relationship with the previous knowledge. Only by mastering the teaching materials can we master the initiative in learning. (2) Grasp the formation of knowledge. A concept, definition, formula, rule and theorem of mathematics are all basic knowledge of mathematics, and the formation process of these knowledge is easily ignored. The forming process of this knowledge is actually the training process of mathematical ability. The proof of theorems is often the process of discovering new knowledge. Cultivate the development of mathematical ability in the process of mastering knowledge. Therefore, in order to change the teaching method of emphasizing conclusion over process, we should regard the process of knowledge formation as the process of cultivating mathematical ability. (3) Grasp the learning rhythm. Mathematics class is ineffective without a certain speed. Slow learning can't train thinking speed, thinking agility and mathematical ability, which requires that mathematics learning must have rhythm. Over time, the agility of thinking and mathematical ability will gradually improve. (4) Grasp the problem and expose it. In math class, teachers usually ask questions and rehearse, sometimes accompanied by discussions on problems, so they can hear a lot of information. These problems are all current expenses. For those typical problems, problems with universality must be solved in time, and problems cannot be left behind or even settled. It is necessary to grasp the problems existing in the current expenses in a timely manner, make up for the remaining problems in a targeted manner, and pay attention to actual results. (5) Grasp the classroom exercises and do a good job in the teaching of practice class, review class and test analysis class. The classroom practice time in math class accounts for about 1/4- 1/3 of each class, and sometimes exceeds 1/3. This is an important means to remember, understand and master mathematical knowledge. It is not only a speed training, but also a test of ability. Students are not interested in doing problems, but the examples that teachers find are intentional. What knowledge needs to be made up, consolidated and improved, and what knowledge and ability need to be cultivated and strengthened. Class should be targeted. (6) Grasp the problem-solving guidance. Reasonable choice of simple operation path is not only the need of fast operation, but also the need of accuracy. The more operation steps, the greater the complexity and the greater the possibility of errors. Therefore, according to the conditions and requirements of the problem, it is not only the key to improve the operational ability, but also an effective way to improve other mathematical abilities. (7) Grasp the training of mathematical thinking methods. Mathematics is responsible for cultivating computing ability, logical thinking ability, spatial imagination, and the ability to analyze and solve problems by using what you have learned. Its characteristics are high abstraction, strong logic, wide applicability and high requirement for ability. Mathematical ability can only be cultivated and improved through the continuous application of mathematical thinking methods. 3. Experiencing success and cultivating interest in learning are the best teachers, and interest in learning is always closely linked with the joy of success. If you understand a lesson, master a math method, solve a math problem, and get good grades in the exam, and the teacher encourages and appreciates you at ordinary times, you can experience the joy of success from these successes and stimulate higher learning enthusiasm. Therefore, in the usual study, we should learn more, sum up more, and constantly get pleasure from success (even if it is a trivial achievement), thus stimulating the enthusiasm for learning and improving the interest in learning. Third, pay attention. 1, the process of improving students' mathematical ability is a step-by-step process. To prevent impatience, some students are eager for quick results, gulping down dates, some students want to sprint in a few days, some students are complacent about their achievements, and they will be devastated when they encounter setbacks. Therefore, targeted teaching should be carried out to solve these practical problems. 2. The accumulation of knowledge and the cultivation of ability is a long-term process, just as Mr. Hua advocated the learning process from thin to thick and from thick to thin. At the same time, in recent years, the appearance of applied questions in college entrance examination questions has posed a more severe challenge to students' ability to apply their learned mathematical knowledge to real life. We should strengthen the cultivation and training of applied mathematics consciousness and creative thinking methods and abilities.
What is a good learning method?
First of all, we must have a goal (ideal), such as Premier Zhou's old determination to "study for the rise of China" when he was a student. What are the good learning methods in Mao Zedong's student days? Generally speaking, the learning method under the influence of good study habits is a good learning method (in a good poem, "Ask who is in charge of the ups and downs of the boundless earth", which shows the heroic spirit of saving the country and the people, changing the world and dominating the fate of China.
As students, we should have long-term goals, far, middle and near goals and determination. For example: I just entered the school as a secondary school, and now I want to enter the top ten; Last semester 20, this semester reached 15 or xxx or above; ; Take 85 points this week and strive for 90 points next week; Pick up today's homework and I'll try my best to do it well.
"If you want to be ambitious, you must be down-to-earth." All successful people are definitely down-to-earth doers. This will lead to good habits, good habits will lead to good methods, good methods will lead to good results, and eventually will inevitably lead to excellent results.
So in the process of doing it, where is the effort?
Many experts and scholars in the field of education have investigated many excellent students' learning methods, and put forward that learning should work hard in eight links: 1, making plans, 2, self-study before class, 3, attention in class, 4, timely review, 5, independent homework, 6, solving problems, 7, summing up the system, and 8, learning after class.
The survey shows that all outstanding students have achieved excellent results because they have adopted all or part of these eight links intentionally or unintentionally. Let me talk about these eight links:
1. Make a plan: If you want to study well, you must first make a feasible study plan to guide your study. The ancients said, "If you plan ahead, you will perish." If you study as planned, you can arrange your time reasonably and allocate your energy appropriately. But you must not be partial). As long as you follow the plan, you can learn well and not lose the battle. In this way, you can make your life and study regular, develop good study habits and greatly improve your learning ability.
2. Self-study before class (preview) Self-study before class is a bit like pre-war reconnaissance in battle. Which is the bunker, which is the bunker, which is the strongest place, and which is the weak link ... Through preview, you can have a preliminary understanding of the new textbook, know what problems you don't understand, and mark them, so that when you listen to the class with questions, you will listen more carefully and understand the textbook with the teacher.
3. concentrate in class. This is the most frequent and abundant link at present. Therefore, it is also a key link in junior high school students' learning at present. Besides sitting and listening, it is more important to think positively (ask why? For the same problem, we can observe, analyze and compare it from different angles, boldly put forward our own views and discuss it with teachers and classmates. If there is not enough time in class, we will put it outside the classroom. If the teacher has no time, we will discuss it with our classmates. In short, the more thorough the discussion, the more thorough the research, the deeper the understanding, the stronger the mastery, and the ability to greatly improve their analytical thinking and enhance their interest in learning.
Step 4 review in time
There are many subjects and knowledge points in the teaching materials now, so it is impossible to do it once and for all. So it is very necessary to review in time. In addition to reviewing with the teacher in class, we should also review after class according to our own knowledge and forgetting in study. Review should not be repeated several times mechanically, but should make the knowledge we have learned more systematic and organized and bring it into the whole knowledge system.
Step 5 work independently
Emphasis is placed on the word independence. If the homework can't be independent, it will completely lose any positive significance of the homework, and it is better not to do it. In addition, we should resolutely oppose the bad habit of doing homework to cope with the teacher's inspection simply from the perspective of tasks. Homework is actually a continuation of classroom learning. Consolidate what you have learned in class through homework, check the effect of listening to lectures, cultivate the ability of independent thinking, analysis and problem solving, and improve consciousness and enthusiasm. Of course, difficult problems in homework can be consulted or discussed with teachers and classmates after full thinking and analysis, and mistakes in homework should be corrected by analyzing the causes of mistakes in time.
Step 6 solve the problem
The problems in learning can be said to be numerous and endless. In the whole learning process, it is always accompanied by the solution of difficult problems. Being able to ask questions and difficulties is itself a manifestation of active use of the brain and a manifestation of wanting to solve problems. For the problems that appear in the study on the same day, we should solve them on the same day (problems don't stay overnight), because there may be problems tomorrow, which means we must solve them in time and don't let them pile up. Many students who fall behind in their studies are caused by the problem being not solved in time. Students with poor learning foundation have a mountain of problems. It takes a lot of determination and perseverance to make up for the missing knowledge as soon as possible, and to seek the help of teachers as much as possible.
7, system summary
The knowledge we usually learn needs to be organized and orderly, which is convenient to find and use, which requires a systematic summary. In addition to listening to the teacher's summary in class, students can also learn the summary of each chapter in the textbook by themselves, and finally learn to summarize by themselves. The knowledge they have learned can be stored in the network of related disciplines and can be put forward and applied once needed.
8. Extracurricular study
For students with excellent grades, extracurricular study is to further broaden their knowledge, broaden their horizons, develop their specialties and participate in academic competitions. For students with poor grades, extracurricular study should be to make up for the lack of knowledge, lay a solid foundation of knowledge, strengthen the training of basic skills, and keep up with everyone's progress as soon as possible.