1. Metaphysics has different meanings in different contexts, mainly including two kinds. One refers to the philosophical part of exploring the basic principles of everything in the universe. The other is a term that Hegel began to use, and Marx also used it. It refers to the way of thinking that opposes dialectics and observes the world from an isolated, static and one-sided point of view.
2. Narrow logic refers to the science of reasoning, that is, how to infer the unknown inevitable result from the currently known conditions. Logic in a broad sense refers to the science of studying thinking forms, laws and logical methods. The research scope of generalized logic is relatively large, which is a traditional understanding and has a lot to do with philosophical research.
3. Epistemology comes from Greek knowledge and speech. It is a philosophical method to explore the essence, origin and scope of knowledge.
4. Ethics is a theory about moral issues, which studies the generation, development, essence, evaluation and function of morality, as well as the laws of moral education and moral cultivation.
5. The research object of aesthetics is art, and aesthetics is the philosophy of art. The history of western aesthetics began with Plato. Although Pythagoras and others had begun to discuss aesthetic issues before Plato, Plato was the first philosopher to discuss aesthetic issues from the height of philosophical speculation.
In China, the pre-Qin period was the golden age for the development of China's classical aesthetics. The aesthetics of Laozi, Confucius, Yi Chuan and Zhuangzi laid the development direction of China's classical aesthetics. But the real starting point of China's aesthetics is Laozi.
Extended data:
Ontology can be divided into two basic factions: materialism and idealism;
Materialism: attribute the origin of the world to matter, and advocate that matter comes first and consciousness comes second. Consciousness is the product of matter, which can be divided into ancient naive materialism, modern metaphysical materialism and dialectical materialism. This school of philosophy has always emphasized sensory cognition, rational reasoning and objective evidence. Due to the limitations of the development of natural science, this school's view on the origin of the world is not perfect and needs further development.
Idealism: the origin of the world is attributed to spirit, and it is the product of consciousness that consciousness and concept (law) come first and material comes second. Idealism is very complicated and can be roughly divided into subjective idealism and objective idealism. Subjective idealism advocates the supremacy of individual consciousness and objective idealism advocates the supremacy of object consciousness.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-philosophy