Galois (? 0? 7 Variste Galois (A.D.181~ A.D. 1832) is a French mathematician, who has made important contributions to function theory, equation theory and number theory, and his work has laid the foundation for group theory (a term he introduced). All this progress stems from the fact that when he was still in school, it was impossible for him to prove the solution with the roots of quintic polynomial equations (in fact, Abel had proved it at that time, but Galois didn't know it) and his intention to describe the general conditions for the solvability of arbitrary polynomial equations. Although some papers have been published, when 1829 was sent to the French Academy of Sciences, Cauchy lost the first paper and Fourier lost the second. He also worked with the Polytechnic University of Paris (? 0? The examiner refuted and rejected a position. After his father committed suicide, he gave up his math career and registered as a tutor. As a result, he was expelled for writing anti-monarchy articles and was imprisoned twice for his beliefs and system. All the third papers he submitted to the Academy of Sciences were rejected by Poisson. Galois died in a duel, probably provoked by royalists or detectives, at the age of 2 1. He is recognized as one of the two most romantic figures in the history of mathematics.
Biography of Galois:
1832 On the morning of May 30, a young man was unconscious near Lake Glazer in Paris. Passing farmers judged that he was seriously shot after a duel, so they sent the unknown young man to the hospital. At ten o'clock the next morning, the poor young man died and the youngest and most creative mind in the history of mathematics stopped thinking. Later, some famous mathematicians said that his death delayed the development of mathematics for decades. He is galois.
The childhood of genius
18 1 165438125 October, galois was born in the house No.54, galois street, Larrenburg, a suburb of Paris, France. Now there is a commemorative sign on the front of the house, which reads: "The famous French mathematician Evarist? 6? 1 galois was born here and died at the age of 20.181~1832 ". The commemorative plaque was set by the townspeople in June 1909 to pay tribute to Galois, an outstanding mathematician who has been recognized by scholars all over the world and made special achievements.
Galois's parents are well educated. Under the influence of parents, Galois showed good qualities such as talent, seriousness and enthusiasm in his childhood. His father Nicholas? 6? 1 Gabriel? 6? 1 galois participated in political activities as a liberal and an active supporter of Napoleon. I once presided over a youth school and served as the principal of the school. He also served as the permanent mayor of Lalaibao 15, and was deeply supported by the citizens. Galois once said to Lesby, his cellmate, a famous French politician, chemist and doctor, "Father is everything to him". It can be seen that his father's political attitude and the revolutionary upsurge in France at that time had a great influence on Galois's growth and handling affairs.
Maria Galois's mother? 6? 1 Adelaide? 6? 1 galois actively participated in his son's enlightenment education. As a fanatic of ancient culture, she introduced her son to heroic models in Latin and Greek literature. In the biography of Galois published in Pitor Pictorial 1848, it is specifically mentioned that "Galois's first teacher is his mother, a smart and well-educated woman who has been teaching him since he was a child". This laid a solid foundation for Galois to study in middle school and climb the peak of mathematics in the future.
1823 10, when galois 12 years old, he left his parents and was admitted to the famous Louis? 6? 1 Le？ 6? 1 Grand Royal Middle School. From his teachers' memoirs and notes about his middle school life, it is recorded that Galois is a man with "outstanding talent" and "extraordinary behavior", but also has a "eccentric, eccentric and talkative" personality. We think this character shows that he has personality and has shown a strong thirst for knowledge.
Galois is in Louis? 6? 1 Le？ 6? 1 Grand Royal Middle School gets a scholarship and lives completely at public expense. Grade four, grade three and grade two were excellent students, who were well received in the Greek composition competition. 10 transferred to rhetoric class 1826.
However, at the beginning of the second school year (Galois just finished 15), because the teachers thought that his physique was not strong enough, and the principal thought that his judgment had yet to be "mature", he had to return to the second grade. Going back to the second grade gives Galois the opportunity to be approved to take supplementary courses in elementary mathematics without obstacles. Since then, he has devoted most of his time and energy to the research and discussion of advanced mathematics outside the mathematics textbook.
Galois often goes to the library to read mathematical monographs, especially to analyze and study some mathematicians' works, such as Legendre's geometric principles and Lagrange's algebraic equation solution, analytic function theory and calculus courses, but he has not lost interest in other disciplines.
So when Galois returned to the rhetoric class on 1827, his all-round development was even more prominent among his classmates than his talent in mathematics. However, he was angry at the textbook contents of other subjects and the sloppy teaching methods adopted by teachers. Therefore, some teachers think that he is fascinated by the ghosts of mathematics, and some teachers use seven words "peace will make him angry" to describe his behavior.
Galois was already familiar with the works of Euler, Gauss and jacoby, which further strengthened his confidence. He thinks he can do no less than these great mathematicians. By the end of the school year, he no longer took any professional courses, but independently prepared to take the competition exam to obtain the qualification to enter the comprehensive technical school. As a result, although he failed in the exam, he jumped from junior high school math class to Richard's math major class in June of 5438+0828+00.
Louis? 6? 1 Le？ 6? Richard, a math teacher at 1 Glen Middle School, is remembered as a genius teacher in the history of science. Richard is not only elegant in his lecture style, but also good at discovering talents. The notes he left recorded: "Galois should only work in the frontier field of mathematics" and "he greatly surpassed all his classmates".
Richard helped Galois publish his first paper "Proof of a Theorem of Periodic Continued Fraction" in the March issue of the first French professional mathematics magazine "Annual Report of Pure and Applied Mathematics" in 1828, and persuaded Galois to submit a memorandum to the Academy of Sciences. 1829, at the end of his middle school, galois submitted a paper on the preliminary results of his research to the French academy of sciences.
1829, after the middle school year, Galois Galois just turned 18 years old. When he applied for the Paris Institute of Technology, he was unable to take the oral exam because of Professor Binet.Alfred and Professor Lefebre? 6? 1 Germany? 6? 1 Fulci didn't understand Galois's point of view and laughed at him. Referring to the exam, Galois wrote that he had to listen to "the laughter of the examiners". It is said that "angered by laughter", he hit the blackboard eraser on the examiner's head, but he was defeated again because he refused to answer too simple logarithmic questions. Galois is also an informal preppie.
1829 On July 2, when Galois was preparing for the entrance examination, his father committed suicide because he couldn't stand the attack and slander of the Catholic priest. This gave Galois a great touch, and his thoughts began to tend to * * * and ism. Shortly thereafter, Galois listened to Richard's suggestion and decided to enter normal university, which made it possible for him to continue his studies, and at the same time, his living expenses were settled. 1829101On October 25th, Galois was admitted as a preparatory student.
The year after entering Normal University was the most successful year for Galois, and his scientific research achieved initial results in 1828. Galois wrote several big articles and put forward all his works to apply for the special prize in mathematics of the Academy of Sciences. But here, he once again encountered a new setback: Galois's manuscript was originally given to Fourier, the permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences, and Fourier died shortly after receiving the manuscript. So the article was also lost. Some manuscripts of these works fell into the hands of the mathematical magazine Baron Felisa Bulletin and were published in the April and June issues of 1830.
In the first year of normal university, Galois met Auguste? 6? 1 Chevalier and Chevalier were his only best friends. 1July, 830, General Galois 19 years old. His first year in normal university is coming to an end. The mathematical works he wrote at this time can already evaluate the originality and sharpness of his thoughts.