1. Paper appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty.

Open the textbook on page 36. From these two pictures, we can see that people in Shang and Zhou Dynasties wrote on them. The Shang dynasty used tortoise shells and animal bones, and the words of the Western Zhou Dynasty were engraved on bronzes. Look at the illustration on page 8 1 again. Qin Shihuang was diligent in political affairs. On what document did zhangqin write at that time? Write it on a bamboo slip. Before paper was widely used, people in China used bamboo slips as writing materials for a long time. At present, we also calculate books by volume. The word "Juan" is a hieroglyph. Many bamboo slips are strung together with a rope to form a "Juan". Bamboo slips are too heavy. Qin Shihuang has to read 120 Jin of literature a day. Dong Fangshuo asked zhangqin to find two people to carry them on Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Students can also imagine that a bamboo slip can only write ten or twenty words. Isn't it necessary to use tens of thousands of bamboo slips to complete this textbook "History of China"? How heavy that is! Bamboo slips are too heavy and inconvenient. Our ancestors thought of another way, using silk as writing material. Silk is a kind of silk fabric, which is much lighter than bamboo slips, but it is too expensive.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, with the unification of the country and the development of culture, people needed to communicate, which required convenient and cheap writing materials. According to archaeological findings, papers from the Western Han Dynasty (referring to 1 15-page map) have been unearthed in Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu and Inner Mongolia, among which the fragment of ancient paper unearthed from an early Western Han Dynasty tomb in Fangmatan, Tianshui, Gansu is the earliest paper ever discovered. The color picture in front of the textbook is the fragment of ancient paper unearthed from the Han tomb in Fangmatan. There is a map painted on the paper. This paper is thin, soft and smooth. It seems that papermaking in the early Western Han Dynasty has reached a considerable level. The invention of paper greatly facilitates people's writing and is conducive to the continuation and spread of culture.

2. Cai Lun improved papermaking.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuch Cai Lun was in charge of the paper-making workshop for the imperial court (showing the color portrait of Cai Lun or using slides). He summed up the experience of working people and improved papermaking on 105. Cai Lun used bark and some easily found wastes, rags, hemp heads, old fishing nets, etc. As a raw material for papermaking, and made into better quality paper. He dedicated this batch of paper to Han and Emperor. People call this kind of paper "Cai Hou Paper".

The picture on page 1 17 of the textbook reflects the paper-making process of working people in Han dynasty. First, the rags, old fishing nets and bark are washed and chopped, then retted (referring to the row in the picture), then steamed with lye, mashed and made into paper (referring to the row in the picture), and finally the paper is taken out with a paper curtain.

After Cai Lun improved papermaking, the use of paper became more and more common. Later, after more than 200 years, by the time of Jin Dynasty, paper completely replaced bamboo and silk and became the main writing material in China. Cai Lun has played an important role in improving and popularizing papermaking.

Before paper was used, people all over the world wrote with different materials. But it is either too expensive or inconvenient. Europeans use parchment, which is expensive, thick and heavy. It takes more than 300 sheepskins to copy a Bible. Everyone thinks that paper is the best writing material. Paper first spread to Korea and Japan in the east of China, then to Arabia in the west of China, and then to Africa and Europe through Arabs. Papermaking has spread to all countries in the world. This is conducive to cultural and scientific development and exchanges between countries and promotes the development of human civilization.

Second, the invention of Zhang Heng and the seismograph

Only more than 20 years after Cai Lun improved papermaking, Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented the seismograph (showing Zhang Heng and the seismograph, or using slides). This seismograph is the first instrument in the world to determine earthquake orientation, which is 1700 years earlier than similar instruments made in the west.

Zhang Heng is an outstanding historical figure, both a writer and a scientist. He improved the previous astronomical instruments and made an armillary sphere to observe the movements of the sun, moon and stars. The invention of the seismograph is his outstanding achievement.

At that time, there were frequent earthquakes in Luoyang and Longxi, and Zhang Heng suffered many earthquakes in his life, six of which were destructive earthquakes. He was appointed Taishiling, and it was also his duty to record and report earthquakes. In order to quickly and accurately grasp the situation of earthquakes in various places, he needs instruments to measure. Zhang Heng studied this problem tirelessly for many years and finally succeeded. 132, Zhang Heng invented the seismograph (blackboard writing).

What kind of instrument is a seismograph? How does it determine the direction of the earthquake? Please read the text against the schematic diagram of the seismograph, and then ask a student to point to the schematic diagram to answer these two questions.

/kloc-one day in 0/38, a copper ball was spit out from the west-facing Longkou on the seismograph and fell into the mouth of the toad below. Zhang Heng reported to the emperor that there had been an earthquake in the west. At that time, there was no obvious earthquake in Luoyang city, and many people didn't believe Zhang Heng's words. A few days later, the flying horse in Longxi reported that there was an earthquake there. Longxi is in the west of Luoyang, and Zhang Heng's seismograph is very accurate. Zhang Heng invented the seismograph, which initiated the history of using scientific instruments to determine earthquake orientation.

Third, great achievements in astronomy and mathematics.

1. Early calendar

China had a calendar as early as the Xia Dynasty and used it to arrange agricultural production. Since then, every dynasty has revised the calendar to make it more accurate.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a new calendar called "taichu calendar" was made. This calendar was implemented in the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 104). Taichu calendar is the first complete calendar preserved in China.

In ancient times, China always attached great importance to the observation of astronomical phenomena and recorded the observation results. An ancient book, Hanshu, records that one day in 28 BC, the sun was yellow and there was a spot the size of a copper coin in the center of the sun. This is the earliest sunspot record recognized by the world, which is nearly 1000 years earlier than the observation record of sunspots by Europeans (their earliest record of sunspots was in 807). Sunspot is a natural phenomenon, a spot on the chromosphere of the sun. The temperature here is lower than other areas, so people observe the black spots on the sun. Students should never observe the sun with naked eyes, which will hurt their eyes and be very dangerous.

2. Zhou Kuai Shu Jing and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic.

Zhou Kuai Shu Jing and Jiu Zhang Arithmetic are two famous mathematical works in Qin and Han Dynasties. Who wrote these two books? Now we can't find out exactly. The Zhoudai Pingsuanjing recorded a conversation between Shang Gao and Zhou Gong, a mathematician in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Shang Gao put forward a special case of Pythagorean theorem in 1 1 century BC: the proportional relationship between two right-angled sides (hook and strand) and hypotenuse (chord) of a right-angled triangle is "hook three strands, four chords and five". It was not until 500 years later that the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras put forward the Pythagorean theorem. Nine Chapters Arithmetic is a mathematical monograph written after long-term repeated additions and deletions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The book is divided into nine chapters, 246 application problems and their solutions, which are divided into nine categories, each of which is a chapter. The mathematical problems in the book involve arithmetic, algebra, geometry, etc. Many mathematical achievements were advanced in the world at that time. In ancient times, China, South Korea and Japan all used Nine Chapters of Arithmetic as a textbook for mathematics education.

Fourth, a large number of good doctors have emerged.

Traditional Chinese medicine is an important part of the splendid culture in ancient China. It is unique and has a long history. During the Qin and Han dynasties, there were many good doctors and many famous medical books. This is an important period for the development of medicine in China.

1. Huangdi Neijing and Shennong Herbal Classic

Huangdi Neijing is the earliest extant medical masterpiece in China. This medical book was not written by one person, but by many people for a long time, and finally written in the Western Han Dynasty. Because it was written under the guise of Huangdi Neijing, it is called Huangdi Neijing. This book first recorded the knowledge of human anatomy and blood circulation, and many of them were quite accurate. It also attaches great importance to the overall analysis of patients and the prevention of diseases, which is very scientific. Discussing the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine is the focus of this medical book, and at the same time describing the causes, symptoms and treatment methods of 44 kinds of 3 1 1 diseases. Huangdi Neijing is a masterpiece combining medical theory with clinical practice, which reflects the early achievements of ancient medicine in China.

Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica in the Eastern Han Dynasty is the first complete pharmacologist's book in China. This book records more than 300 kinds of drugs, detailing the main sources, properties, collection and preparation methods, indications and other diseases of each drug, and also outlining how to use various drugs together.

2. Zhang Zhongjing and Hua tuo

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were many famous doctors in China, among which Zhang Zhongjing and Hua Tuo were the most outstanding and influential.

Chunyu Kun was a famous doctor in the early Western Han Dynasty. He has been practicing medicine in today's Shandong area for many years, and his medical skills are very good. Wendi once asked him who he had treated and what diseases he had treated. In order to reply to Wendi, he listed the medical records of more than a dozen patients. These medical records were recorded in Historical Records by Sima Qian and became the earliest preserved medical records in China.

Zhang Zhongjing was a famous doctor in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and an outstanding medical scientist in ancient China. Later generations revered him as a "medical sage" (showing Zhang Zhongjing's portrait or using a slide show). Treatise on Febrile Diseases is Zhang Zhongjing's medical masterpiece (blackboard writing: Treatise on Febrile Diseases Miscellaneous Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage). This book was written by him "seeking the ancient method and learning from others". This paper systematically summarizes the rich experience in diagnosis and treatment of "typhoid fever" (all kinds of acute fever were collectively referred to as typhoid fever in ancient China) and "miscellaneous diseases" (mainly internal medicine diseases, but also some diseases in other departments). Treatise on Febrile Diseases comprehensively expounds the treatment principles of TCM theory, lays the foundation of TCM treatment, and has a very significant impact on the future development of medicine in China.

Hua Tuo was also a famous doctor in the late Eastern Han Dynasty (showing Hua Tuo's portrait or using slide show). He is good at acupuncture, anesthesia and surgery. Mafeisan, a general anesthetic made of Huatuo, is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine (blackboard writing: Huatuo and Mafeisan). According to "The History of the Later Han Dynasty Cihai 3d_0 1500", Hua Tuo asked the doctor to take hemp boiling powder with wine, and the medicine soon took effect. After the patient lost consciousness, he cut open the patient's abdominal cavity, removed the "deposits" (tumors and the like), and then stitched up the abdominal cavity. Even now, this operation is still relatively large. Huatuo has successfully used Mafeisan as a general anesthetic for surgery, occupying a leading position in the world. Hua tuo also created a set of health gymnastics. Because this set of gymnastics imitates the movements of five animals: deer, tiger, bear, ape and bird, it is called "Five Birds Play". Hua Tuo believes that people should exercise regularly, so that blood vessels will be unblocked and they will not get sick. His student, Upp, insisted on doing the "Five Birds Show" and lived to be 90 years old, still in good health.