1 Both men and women have a lot of aqueous liquids in their bodies, which are collectively called body fluids. It is divided into extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid, of which intracellular fluid accounts for 2/3.

2. The liquid environment composed of extracellular fluid is called internal environment. The direct living environment of blood cells is plasma; The environment in which most cells live directly in the body is interstitial fluid.

3. The internal environment is not only the direct environment for the survival of cells, but also the medium for material exchange between cells and the external environment.

4, the normal body through regulation, make all kinds of organs and systems to coordinate activities, * * * and maintain the relative stability of the internal environment is called steady state. Osmotic pressure, pH and temperature are three main aspects of physicochemical properties of extracellular fluid.

5. Osmotic pressure of solution refers to the attraction of solute particles in solution to water. The osmotic pressure of a solution depends on the number of solute particles. Plasma osmotic pressure is mainly related to inorganic salts and protein content. More than 90% osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid comes from Na+ and Cl-. The concentration of physiological saline is 0.9% NaCl. The osmotic pressure of intracellular fluid body is mainly maintained by K+.

6. A stable internal environment is a necessary condition for normal life activities. The main regulatory mechanism for maintaining homeostasis is the neural-humoral-immunoregulatory network.

7. Excitement refers to the process that a certain tissue (such as nerve tissue) or cell in an animal or human body changes from a relatively static state to a significantly active state after feeling external stimuli.

8. The basic way of nerve regulation is reflection, and the structural basis for completing reflection is emission arc. Reflex arc is usually composed of receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve and effector (consisting of efferent nerve endings and their muscles or glands).

9. Excitement: Because the sodium-potassium pump actively transports and absorbs K+ and discharges Na+, the concentration of K+ in nerve cells is significantly higher than that outside the membrane, while the concentration of Na+ is lower than that outside the membrane. At rest, because the membrane is mainly permeable to K+ and K+ flows out, the cation concentration outside the membrane is higher than that inside the membrane, resulting in positive external resting potential and negative internal resting potential. When stimulated, the permeability of cell membrane to Na+ increases and Na+ flows in, which makes the cation concentration in the excited part of the membrane higher than that outside the membrane, resulting in negative external action potential and positive internal action potential.

10, the transmission of excitement on nerve fibers: bidirectional.

1 1, the transmission of excitement between neurons: unidirectional, only from the axon of one neuron to the cell body or dendrite of the next neuron. Because neurotransmitters only exist in synaptic vesicles of presynaptic membrane, they can only be released by presynaptic membrane and then act on postsynaptic membrane.

12, the cerebral cortex not only senses the outside world and controls the body's reflex activities, but also has advanced functions such as language, learning, memory and thinking.

13. The regulation of chemicals secreted by endocrine organs (or cells) is hormone regulation.

14. In a system, the effect of the system itself is in turn used as information to adjust the work of the system. This adjustment is called feedback adjustment. Feedback regulation is a very common regulation mechanism in life system, which is of great significance to maintain the steady state of the body.

15, the characteristics of hormone regulation: trace and high efficiency; Transport by body fluids; Acting on target organs and target cells.

16. Trace organic substances produced in plants, which can be transported from the place of production to the place of action and have a significant impact on the growth and development of plants, are called phytohormones.

17, once the hormone is accepted by the target cell and acts, it is inactivated. There are many kinds of hormones, and the amount is very small, which neither constitute the cell structure, nor provide energy, nor play a catalytic role. It is an information molecule that regulates life activities.

18, the composition of the immune system: immune organs (bone marrow and thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils), immune cells, immune active substances (antibodies, lymphatic factor, lysozyme).

19. Functions of the immune system: defense, clearance and monitoring.

20. Non-specific immunity: People are born with it. It does not target a specific pathogen, but has a defensive effect on many pathogens. The first line of defense is skin and mucosa, and the second line of defense is bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids.

2 1, the third line of defense is mainly composed of immune organs and immune cells through blood circulation and lymphatic circulation. Among them, B cells destroy antigens mainly by producing antibodies, which is called humoral immunity, while T cells destroy antigens mainly by direct contact with target cells, which is called cellular immunity.

22. Diseases caused by immune disorder: allergic reaction, autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency diseases. (Pay attention to the difference)

23. Application of immunology: immunotherapy, immunoprophylaxis and organ transplantation.

24. The role of auxin shows duality: it can not only promote growth, but also inhibit growth; It can not only promote germination, but also inhibit germination; It can not only prevent falling flowers and fruits, but also prevent thinning flowers and fruits.

25. Synthetic chemicals that regulate plant growth and development are called plant growth regulators.

26. The number of individuals in a population per unit area or volume is the population density. Population density is the most basic quantitative characteristic of population.

27. Demographic characteristics: population density, birth rate and death rate, immigration rate and emigration rate, age composition and sex ratio.

28. Spatial characteristics of population: uniformity, randomness and aggregation.

29. Methods of investigating population density: sampling method and marker recapture method. To describe, explain and predict the change of population, it is often necessary to establish a mathematical model.

30. There are many factors that affect the population. Such as climate, food, natural enemies and infectious diseases. Therefore, the population of most populations is always fluctuating, and under unfavorable conditions, the population will drop sharply or even become extinct.

3 1. The significance of studying the law of population change lies in preventing and controlling harmful animals, protecting and utilizing wildlife resources, and saving and restoring endangered animal populations.

32. Under the ideal conditions of nature, a similar form of bacterial population growth does exist. If time is taken as the abscissa and population is taken as the ordinate, draw a curve to represent it, which is roughly "J"-shaped.

33. The growth curve that tends to be stable after a certain period of population growth is called the "S" curve.

34. Under the condition that the environmental conditions are not destroyed, the maximum population that can be maintained in a certain space is called environmental carrying capacity, also known as K value.

35. The collection of various biological populations gathered in a certain area at the same time is called a community.

36. The species composition of communities is an important feature that distinguishes different communities. The interspecific relationship of the community includes competition, predation, reciprocity and parasitism. The result of competition often shows mutual inhibition, sometimes showing that one side is dominant and the other side is at a disadvantage or even extinct.

37. Spatial structure of community: Due to the change of topography, the difference of soil moisture and salinity, the difference of light intensity, the difference of biological growth characteristics and the influence of people and animals, the vertical structure is obviously layered, and the horizontal structure is often embedded.

38. The number of species in a community is called richness.

39. The process of one community being replaced by another over time is called succession.

40. Types of succession: ① Primary succession (refers to the succession on the ground that has never been covered by vegetation, or the succession in the place where there was vegetation before, but it was completely eliminated. E.g. sand dunes, volcanic rocks, glacial mud, bare rocks).

(2) Secondary succession (refers to the succession in which the original vegetation no longer exists, but the original soil conditions are basically preserved, even the seeds or other propagators of plants are preserved. E.g. burnt grassland, over-cut forest, abandoned farmland)

4 1. The unified whole formed by the interaction between biological community and its inorganic environment is called ecosystem.

42. Structure of ecosystem: components of ecosystem (abiotic substances and energy, producers, consumers, decomposers) and nutritional structure (food chain and food web). The food chain generally does not exceed 5 trophic levels.

43. Functions of ecosystem: material circulation, energy flow and information transmission. Its channels are food chain and food web.

44. Many food chains are intertwined to form a complex nutritional structure, which is a food web.

45. The process of energy input, transmission, transformation and dissipation in an ecosystem is called the energy flow of the ecosystem.

46, the characteristics of energy flow: one-way irreversible non-circulation, step by step decline.

47. The significance of studying energy flow: to help people scientifically plan and design artificial ecosystems, so as to make the most effective use of energy; Help people rationally adjust the energy flow relationship in the ecosystem, so that energy can flow to the most beneficial part of human beings continuously and efficiently.

48. Basic principles of ecology: material circulation and multi-level utilization of energy. Following this principle, the food chain can be designed reasonably, so that the substances and energy in the ecosystem can be used to varying degrees. The organic waste produced in the production process of one product can become the input of the production of another product, that is, the waste can be recycled, thus improving the energy conversion efficiency and reducing environmental pollution.

49. Elements such as C, H, O, N, P, S, which make up an organism, are constantly going through the cycle from inorganic environment to biological community and from biological community to inorganic environment, which is the material cycle of an ecosystem.

50. The characteristics of material cycle: it is global, so it is also called biogeochemical cycle. Substances in inorganic environment can be reused by biological communities.

5 1. Information types in the ecosystem: physical information (light, sound, temperature, magnetism, etc. ), chemical information (metabolites such as alkaloids and organic acids in plants, pheromones such as sex pheromones in animals), and behavioral information.

52. Source of physical information: it can be inorganic environment or biology.

53. The function of information transmission in the ecosystem: the normal life activities can not be carried out without the function of information; The reproduction of biological population is also inseparable from the transmission of information; Information can also regulate the interspecific relationship of organisms to maintain the stability of the ecosystem.

It can be summarized as follows: In the ecosystem, all kinds of information play a very important role in the survival, reproduction and regulation of interspecific relations.

54. The application of information transmission in agricultural production: First, increase the output of agricultural products or livestock products (extend the light to increase the egg production of chickens; Artificial control of photoperiod, early maturity and high yield); The second is to control harmful animals (using audio equipment to send out different sound signals to trap or drive away; Use insect pheromones to trap or warn harmful animals and reduce the population density of pests. )

55. At present, technologies for controlling animal hazards include chemical control, biological control and mechanical control.

56. The ability of an ecosystem to maintain or restore the relative stability of its own structure and function is called the stability of the ecosystem.

57. The reason why the ecosystem can remain relatively stable is that the ecosystem has the ability of self-adjustment. But the self-regulation ability of ecosystem is not infinite.

58. Negative feedback regulation is ubiquitous in the ecosystem, and it is the basis of the self-regulation ability of the ecosystem.

59. Negative feedback regulation exists not only within the biological community, but also between the biological community and the inorganic environment.

60. Global eco-environmental problems mainly include global climate change, water shortage, ozone layer destruction, acid rain, land desertification, marine pollution or sharp decline in biodiversity.

6 1, all plants, animals and microorganisms in the biosphere, all their genes and various ecosystems, * * * together constitute biodiversity.

62. The value of biodiversity: potential value, indirect value (also called ecological function) and direct value.

63. Measures to protect biodiversity: in-situ protection, ex-situ protection, strengthening legal education and management.

64. In-situ conservation refers to the establishment of nature reserves and scenic spots on protected ecosystems or species, which is the most effective protection of biodiversity.

65. Ex-situ protection refers to the removal of the protected object from its original place and special protection in different places. Such as the establishment of botanical gardens, zoos and breeding centers for endangered animals and plants, to provide the last chance for endangered species to survive.

66. The key to protect biodiversity is to coordinate the relationship between good people and ecological environment, such as controlling population growth, rationally utilizing natural resources and preventing environmental pollution.

67. Protecting biodiversity only opposes blind and predatory development and utilization, but it does not mean prohibiting development and utilization.

Sustainable development means "meeting the needs of our generation without sacrificing the needs of future generations", and it pursues the lasting and coordinated development of nature, economy and society.

69. There are three steps in designing the experiment: * * gender processing (pay attention to grouping and numbering), variable processing (balance irrelevant variables) and result processing (give an operational definition, that is, the method of measuring dependent variables).

Very concise

Can't be simple.