Communication studies the occurrence and development of all human communication behaviors and processes, and the relationship between communication and people and society. In short, communication is a subject that studies how human beings use symbols to communicate social information. Communication is also called communication, communication and so on.
Communication is the product of interdisciplinary research since 1930s. Communication is closely related to other social sciences and is on the edge of many disciplines. Because communication is a basic social function of human beings, all the sciences that study the relationship between people, such as politics, economics, anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, linguistics, semantics, neurology, etc. It's all about communication. It uses the theoretical viewpoints and research methods of sociology, psychology, politics, journalism, anthropology and many other disciplines to study the essence and concept of communication; The interrelation and restriction of the basic elements in the process of communication; The generation and acquisition of information, processing and transmission, efficiency and feedback, and the interaction between information and objects; The formation of various symbol systems and their functions in communication; Functions and status of various media; Communication systems, structures and relationships among systems in various fields of society.
In addition, communication needs to learn information theory, cybernetics and system theory in natural science, so people call it marginal science, which means being at the crossroads of many disciplines. Theories of various social disciplines often become part of communication theory. But communication has its own theory, which is irreplaceable by other social sciences.
The focus and foothold of communication research is: how to establish a certain relationship between people through the role of communication.
Its research scope mainly includes interpersonal communication and mass communication. Among them, mass communication is the mainstay. ②
Biography is actually human science: studying the relationship between people, people and other groups, organizations and society; Studying how people are affected, increasing their support is mutually influential; Learn how to report news, how to receive news and information, how to be taught, how to entertain and entertain people. First, understand how people build relationships. ③
Communication source:
Communication was born in the United States. American scholars have explored the theory of communication from different angles and put forward various communication modes, such as those expressed by words, figures and mathematical formulas. Communication scientists use different models to explain the mechanism and essence of information communication, prompt the process and effect of communication, and predict the trend and structure of future communication. It is generally believed that there are five founders of communication science: ④.
1, Harold Dwight lasswell and lasswell (1902- 1980) are one of the founders of modern American politics. The famous communication 5w model is put forward.
2. Kurt Lewin, Lu Yin (1890- 1947), a German Jew. The concept of "gatekeeper" in information dissemination is put forward.
3. carl hovland hovland (1921-1961), professor of experimental psychology at Yale University. The introduction of psychological experimental methods into the field of communication reveals the conditions and complexity of the formation of communication effects.
4. paul F Lazarsfeld, lazarsfeld (190 1- 1976), an Austrian Jew. Rogers pointed out that lazarsfeld led communication to the direction of empirical research more than anyone else. ⑤
5. American Shi Lamu wilbur schramm (1907- 1988) established the first communication college in the world and edited the first batch of German communication textbooks. It has opened up several new research fields, such as the influence of television on children. He is regarded as a master.
It originated in the United States because in the first half of the 20th century, Eurasia suffered two world wars in succession, and the United States became a haven for many scientists because of its unique geographical advantages. And because the United States itself has not been destroyed, the invention and application of technology have always been in a leading position. For example, the opening of 1920 Pittsburgh Radio and Television Station, the establishment of 1926 NBC and so on. ⑥
From the social situation, there is a tradition of attaching great importance to mass media in American political and social life. In the political mechanism, mass media is one of the forces to balance the legislature and government agencies. The newspaper was once called the second Congress.
From the academic tradition, American pragmatism philosophy prevails, and academic research places special emphasis on solving practical problems. A lot of practical information is used by people, which facilitates people's life, work and social operation. However, there are also a lot of commercial sales, political propaganda, deception, pornography, violence and other cultural rubbish. These problems or potential problems have become a subject that American academic circles must face and study.
All the above conditions determine that communication originated in the United States.
After the advent of communication in the United States, it soon spread to Western Europe and Japan. British communication has developed vigorously since the 1960s, and its methodology can be divided into four schools: the social school headed by mcguire; Social psychological card represented by Hololoren; Political and economic cards represented by Cheeseman and Garnham; Functionalism school represented by TV Research Center of Leeds University. The study of communication in Japan began after the Second World War and has two major characteristics: first, it follows the theoretical system of foreign countries, mainly the United States, and pays attention to the development of social participation theory that emphasizes the audience's right to directly participate in the communication process; Second, practice takes precedence over theory. Since the 1960s, the Soviet Union began to attach importance to the study of communication theory. Soviet scholars put forward their own communication modes based on their own research, among which Firsoff and Aleksev are the most famous. ⑦
It should be noted that the research of western communication scholars has obvious limitations. For example, they inappropriately put communication in the first important position of human beings, thus rejecting the main symbol of human productivity; They attributed the occurrence and development of communication behavior to human instinct and the progress of science and technology respectively, but did not relate it to social production mode. When studying the social control of communication, it is often impossible to fully reveal the profound contradictions within society.
References:
(USA) Introduction to Communication by wilbur schramm Qian Wei Porter Xinhua Publishing House 1984.9
[America] Steven John Jr. Communication Theory, translated by Chen Demin and Ye Xiaohui, China Social Sciences Press 1999.
(America) Zhan Mu W. Tankat, Jr., Wernadine Seffrin, Research and Application of the Origin of Communication, Fujian People's Publishing House 1985.9.
Fan Dongsheng, The Development of Mass Communication Research, People's Daily Press 1983.
Dai Yuanguang, Shao Peiren, Gong Wei, Communication Principle and Application, Lanzhou University Press 1988.