First of all, mathematical cognitive structure is the product of the interaction between mathematical knowledge structure and students' psychological structure, which not only reflects the relationship between mathematical knowledge, but also reflects the formation process of students' psychological structure. In mathematics teaching, optimizing knowledge structure can help students form a good cognitive structure and improve their understanding and application ability of mathematics knowledge. Secondly, mathematical cognitive structure is the basis of mathematical thinking. In mathematics teaching, cultivating students' thinking ability can help students form a good mathematical cognitive structure. This includes a deep understanding of mathematical concepts, principles and methods, and the ability to apply these knowledge to practical problems.