Basic introduction Chinese name: thinking science mbth: the essence of thinking science: the science that studies the laws, forms and directions of thinking involves disciplines: philosophy, psychology, logic, basic introduction of physiology, definition introduction, academic development, academic significance and research content. Basic introductory thinking is a unique cognitive ability of human beings and an advanced form for human consciousness to grasp objective things. Thinking is to analyze and synthesize perceptual materials on the basis of social practice, and create a logical theoretical system through concepts, judgments, reasoning and other forms, reflecting the essential attributes and motion laws of objective things. The process of thinking is a process from concrete to abstract, and then from abstract to concrete. Its purpose is to reproduce the essence of objective things in thinking and achieve a specific understanding of objective things. The law of thinking is determined by the law of the external world and is the reflection of the law of the external world in the process of human thinking. Definition Introduction Thinking science is a comprehensive science that studies human consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective. Thinking is the reflection of the human brain on objective things. For a long time, people have been discussing thinking and related issues from some specific angles. Since the 1950s, the multi-level and horizontal infiltration and development of various disciplines, especially the birth of computer science, has opened up a new way for the comprehensive and systematic study of thinking phenomena. Chinese scientist Qian Xuesen proposed to establish a department of thinking science and technology in the early 1980s, which divided thinking science into three levels: the foundation of thinking science, the technical science of thinking science and the engineering technology of thinking science. The adjacent sciences of thinking science include human science, natural science, social science and system science. Thinking science studies the laws of human thinking process from psychology, artificial intelligence, computer science, physiology, literature and art, etc. Its application fields involve scientific linguistics, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, education, information science, management, philology and other disciplines. Therefore, thinking science plays an important role in the development of a new generation of intelligent computers. Under the guidance of Marxist philosophical principles, thinking science plays a role in the process of human understanding and transforming the subjective and objective world; At the same time, it will provide material for deepening and developing Marxist epistemology and become the cornerstone of human scientific thinking that inspires a new generation of science and technology. Thinking science is based on thinking science and social thinking science. Thinking has three components. Abstract (logical) thinking: Abstract thinking is a part of thinking that can replace the human brain with a computer. ② Image (intuition) thinking: Image thinking is based on experience or intuition. Imagery thinking mainly studies the behavior of human beings to produce intelligent activities according to experience or intuition, and how to realize this process by computer and upgrade it to theory. 3 Inspiration (epiphany) thinking: Inspiration thinking is the expansion of image thinking, from the explicit consciousness of direct feeling to the subconscious of inspiration. Social thinking studies how people and collectives think. People not only know the objective world through direct practice, but also use the knowledge accumulated by human beings in the past to know the objective world. Therefore, people's thinking activities are collective in nature. The concept of thinking in academic development is the basis of thinking science research. At the beginning of the 20th century, Pavlov higher nervous activity's theory made great achievements in studying thinking from the form of material movement, and initially revealed the neurophysiological mechanism of thinking. Dialectical thinking is an outstanding achievement of studying thinking from the essence and whole of things. It is a thinking theory founded by Marx and Engels on the basis of German classical philosophy and modern science and developed by Lenin and others. Dialectical thinking has shown great value in the creation of Das Kapital and the great social practice of Russian and China revolutions. Since 1950s, brain science has made great progress. Sperry and others' research on the left and right brain functions, the location of brain functional areas, the research on neural circuits, brain physics and brain chemistry further revealed the essence of material movement of thinking. At the same time, Piaget and others' research on children's thinking and adult's thinking, as well as the research on the information processing mechanism of human brain by the emerging cognitive science, have enriched the knowledge of the mechanism of human brain reflecting the essence of things. These research results have accumulated new scientific data for thinking science. The multi-level and horizontal development of contemporary disciplines, especially the birth of information theory and computer science, has opened up a new way for the in-depth study of human thinking. Thinking Science Thinking science is divided into three levels: basic science, technical science and engineering technology of thinking science. The basic science of thinking science studies the basic forms of thinking activities-logical thinking, image thinking and inspiration thinking. Through the study of these basic thinking activities, the universal and specific laws of thinking are revealed. Therefore, the basic science of thinking science can have several branches, such as logical thinking and image thinking. The accumulation and collection of individual thinking constitutes the collective thinking of social groups. It is social thinking that studies the collective thinking of social groups. It is also the basic subject of thinking science. Thinking is the function of human brain and the highest substance, but human brain thinking can be simulated by machines and animals to some extent. A machine that can simulate the thinking of a human brain is an intelligent machine. The science of studying intelligent machines and simulating the thinking methods and procedures of human brain is called artificial intelligence or machine thinking. The science of studying the simulation ability of advanced animals to human thinking and how to realize this simulation is animal thinking. Neither machine simulation nor animal simulation is the original copy of human brain thinking, but a deformed simulation. For example, the intelligent machine solves problems, which magnifies the thinking function of the human brain in some aspects (such as calculation), and the efficiency is beyond the reach of the human brain; In other aspects, such as recognition, it lags far behind the function of the human brain. It is of far-reaching theoretical significance and practical value for machines and animals to simulate human brain thinking. Therefore, machine thinking and animal thinking are important branches of thinking science. Thinking Science At present, thinking science is still in its infancy, analytical research is far greater than comprehensive research, and independent research in various departments is more than cross-departmental research, which needs to form a unified system. In the contemporary information society, the importance of knowledge, intelligence and wisdom is increasing day by day. Thinking plays a key role in the generation of knowledge and the formation of intelligence and wisdom, so people pay more and more attention to thinking science. Thinking science has broad development prospects and the possibility of making a major breakthrough. At the same time, the progress of thinking science will greatly enrich the treasure house of Marxist epistemology. Academic Significance Can it be necessary to establish a major scientific and technological department of thinking science? The first part of this question, whether it is possible, is actually to ask whether people's thinking is regular. If there is no law, the science of thinking certainly cannot be established. Broadly speaking, from the perspective of materialism, thinking is of course regular, because thinking is also an objective phenomenon, and all objective things and their movements have their own laws, and thinking is no exception. We should further study this problem, which can be divided into two aspects. We can start from the point that thinking is the central nervous system of human beings, especially the brain is arched by various external factors. All kinds of external * * * are the products of changes and movements in the objective world. These changes and movements follow the laws of the objective world, namely the laws of nature and society. Therefore, all kinds of external * * * also have their own laws, rather than having no laws for no reason. In this way, the human brain's activities in the central nervous system must be regular, and people's thinking must be regular. Some people may ask: Can we say that people's thinking is regular when all kinds of external factors are regular? Will the human brain be "ingenious"? Or is it different from person to person, completely different from person to person? This is the second aspect of the answer: everyone's brain is not exactly the same in structure and function, otherwise it will become a robot, not a living person or a real person. After all, the human brain is the result of billions of years of biological evolution, and heredity has played a role. Fundamentally speaking, the structure of the human brain is exactly the same, and the adaptation, development and adjustment caused by the same life experience or the same social practice are also the same, which ensures the regularity of human thinking from the microstructure of the human brain. Of course, it is not without exception. There are patients in society who are crazy because of all kinds of misfortunes. A madman's brain is also made of matter. Their thinking may be different from ordinary people, but they must have their own rules. That is the knowledge of mental illness. The manipulator controlled by thinking said that thinking is regular, which is actually one of the conclusions of dialectical materialism. Thinking science can be established to study this part of objective laws, no matter what kind of thinking is no exception. What is "telepathy"? No, it's still the function of the human brain. Let's call it "human inspiration". Now let's talk about whether it is necessary to establish a science and technology department of thinking science. A basic truth here is that modern science and technology has developed into a multi-disciplinary and increasingly detailed division of labor as a whole, and at the same time they are closely related to each other. As a whole, we should study the overall structure, the relationship between disciplines and the relationship between disciplines. But the whole is a system, and the system must have a clear hierarchy and departmental subsystem. Therefore, when we study the structure of modern science and technology, we should pay attention to finding out the horizontal level and vertical department subsystem, otherwise we will not recognize the outline; And if you don't even know the outline of the system, how can you really understand the relationship between disciplines? This is also the reason why I am not satisfied with some papers commenting on the modern science and technology system. They confuse the relationship between disciplines and fail to reflect the original structure of things. The vertical division method I suggested, as explained earlier, is divided into six departments: natural science, social science, mathematical science, system science, humanities science and thinking science, so I won't go into details here. Here I want to talk about the division of horizontal levels. The principle of this division is: because people understand the objective world in order to transform it, we can divide it according to whether we directly transform it or indirectly contact it. In fact, this layered method was gradually formed in the practice of natural science for nearly a hundred years. So it is also a summary of experience, not a fantasy. In natural science, the theoretical level is formed first, that is, basic science. As for the engineering technology that directly transforms the objective world, it is first as a process, not as a science; Around the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, it became a science and was taught in colleges and universities. As for the technical science between basic science and engineering technology, on the one hand, it is the application of basic science, on the other hand, it is the theoretical basis of more than one engineering technology, which was formed late, probably in the 1920s and 1930s. I think this classification is reasonable and universally applicable. The six departments are divided into three levels: basic science, technical science and engineering technology. Above the three levels, as the highest generalization of people's understanding of the objective world, it should of course be Marxist philosophy. Thinking Science Generally speaking, the above is the system structure of modern science and technology, in which thinking science is juxtaposed with other departments as a department, which also shows the division of internal levels of thinking science and its relationship with Marxist philosophy. The establishment of thinking science as a department can clarify the relationship between the top, bottom, left and right, which is conducive to the mutual reference of various disciplines within thinking science and promote its development. This is the necessity of establishing such a modern science and technology department as thinking science. The research content was clear from the beginning. Thinking science only studies the laws and methods of thinking, not the content of thinking, which is the business of other scientific and technological departments. Now let me talk about the concrete construction of thinking science, a subsystem of modern science and technology. The basic science of thinking science is a science that studies the laws of human conscious thinking, which can be called thinking science. Thinking is beyond the scope of thinking. Because this conscious thinking includes image thinking (intuition) and inspiration thinking (epiphany) in addition to abstract thinking (logic), the four dimensions can be subdivided into three parts: abstract thinking, image thinking (intuition) and inspiration thinking (epiphany). I also said that the science of thinking, as the basic science of thinking science, has risen to the highest level of all human knowledge, and the Marxist philosophy summarized scientifically has to pass a bridge, namely epistemology. I also think that only abstract thinking has been deeply studied and has mature logic, while image thinking and inspiration thinking have not been seriously studied, so there is no scientific knowledge. These opinions are too concise, and some comrades have opinions, which seem to be caused by misunderstanding. So now we should add some explanations: first, the meaning of logic, which forms the laws of abstract (logical) thinking into a rigorous theoretical discipline, just like mathematical logic. Mathematical logic is a part and model of abstract thinking. Part of it means that mathematical logic pays attention to logical problems in mathematical science, not all abstract thinking, but formal logic, even though K. Godel's incompleteness theorem seems to be breaking through formal logic and entering dialectical logic. The significance of the model means that it is strictly theoretical and meets the requirements of basic science. This also explains why I said that the study of thinking in images and enlightening thinking has not yet reached the scientific requirements, although there are many inaccurate descriptions and speculative discussions, which are not rigorous enough. Of course, we cannot just say that image (direct feeling) thinking and inspiration (epiphany) thinking are not as good as abstract (logical) thinking. I don't think it is necessary to doubt the objective existence and importance of these two kinds of thinking. The skeptic may be due to lack of personal experience. The word Godel's logic reminds some philosophers of logic and logic in philosophy, such as Hegel's big logic and small logic. Therefore, Marxist philosophy and thinking are chaotic, and dialectical materialism will be dragged to the highest theoretical level, which violates Lenin's teaching that "the epistemology of logic, dialectics and materialism is the same thing". I think in order to avoid unnecessary trouble, I still call abstract thinking, a part of the basic science of thinking science, abstract thinking or subjective logic, because it is the thinking logic in people's minds. Dialectics is still dialectics, not logic; It must be called logic, but also objective logic, because this is the law of objective things. Pull away a little to avoid confusion. Pulling away doesn't mean it doesn't matter. How can it be irrelevant? Marxist philosophy and dialectical materialism guide and contact all scientific research. As for the word epistemology, because Lenin's words are targeted, it is not appropriate to take them out of context; Our philosophers will not equate Marxist philosophy with epistemology. However, linking thinking science with epistemology is an integral part of Marxist philosophical structure. The reason for this is that the purpose of thinking science is to study the laws and methods of people's understanding of the objective world. So now I suggest that an alias of thinking science is "cognitive science". Of course, the scope of cognitive science abroad is narrower than here, so we might as well use this English word, but expand the meaning. Another structural problem about thinking science subsystem is the problem of consciousness and brain, because thinking is a part of consciousness. I used to talk about the structure and function of the brain to emphasize the material basis of thinking, so it seems that studying the function of the human brain has become a part of thinking science. I want to correct this impression here. I now think that studying the function of the human brain is a matter of anthropology (close to a science of thinking), and we can't put the consciousness wider than thinking into the department of thinking science for discussion. Why? With the rapid development of modern neurology, the truth of consciousness is gradually revealed. According to R.sperry, an American neurologist who won the Nobel Prize in 198 1, consciousness or spirit is the highest activity of the human central nervous system, especially the human brain, and the grass-roots activities of the human brain are caused by the activities of the nervous system after being influenced by the outside world. In this way, the combination of physiology and neurology becomes the theoretical basis of psychology, physiological psychology. With the further sublimation of physiological psycholinguistics, psychopsychiatry will be produced to clarify the advanced activities of the human brain, and finally psychiatry will be produced to study consciousness and psychological activities. These subjects belong to and are the basic parts of human science, because the response of consciousness to human physiological processes is an important research aspect of human science. Consciousness includes thinking, and psychiatry is closely related to the basic science of thinking science, which is an inter-departmental support for thinking science. Human body science exhibition hall