In the process of western learning spreading to the east, Xu Guangqi's Geometry Elements? From Mei Ji to Li's translation and writing of western mathematics, the integration of Chinese and western mathematics has been promoted.
1604, after Xu Guangqi was admitted to imperial academy, he served as Jishi Shu and lived in Beijing. Prior to this, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci came to our country and lived in a house outside Xuanwu Gate for a long time for missionary activities.
In his spare time, Xu Guangqi often visited Matteo Ricci, gradually got to know each other, and began to build a profound friendship. Matteo Ricci took Euclid, an ancient Greek mathematician, as a textbook and taught Xu Guangqi's western mathematical theory at home.
After a period of study, Xu Guangqi fully understood the contents of Euclid's book, and was impressed by its basic theory and logical reasoning, which he thought were the shortcomings of China's ancient mathematics. Therefore, Xu Guangqi suggested Matteo Ricci cooperate with him to translate into Chinese.
1607 Spring, Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci translated the first six volumes of this book. Before going to press, Xu Guangqi handled the translation alone? After three polishing, the translation is as accurate as possible.
The original Latin name of this work was Euclid. If translated into Chinese, it doesn't look like a math book. According to its content, it is too old to be translated into elements of metaphysics. Matteo Ricci believes that the Chinese word "metaphysics" is called "Geo" in English, and its original meaning is land survey in Greece. He suggested that it is best to find a word with similar pronunciation in Chinese? Words with similar meanings. Xu Guangqi looked up more than one phrase 10, but none of them were satisfactory. Later, he remembered the word "Geometry" and thought it was close to the sound of "geo". Matteo Ricci was very satisfied with his suggestion to translate the title into Elements of Geometry.
1607, the first six volumes of Elements of Geometry were officially published, which immediately aroused great repercussions and became a must-read for those engaged in mathematics in the late Ming Dynasty, which played a great role in the development of modern mathematics in China.
The Elements of Geometry is the first mathematical translation work in China, in which many mathematical terms such as "geometry" are the first. Xu Guangqi thought there was no need to doubt? There is no need to change. There is no one in the world who is not learning normally.
After translating the Elements of Geometry, Xu Guangqi introduced the works of western trigonometry, such as The Grand Strategy of Surveying, Quan Yi and so on.
1646, Polish missionary Monig came to China, and mathematicians Fang Zhongtong and others followed him to study western science. After Muniting's death, Fang Zhongtong and others compiled A Summary of Calendar Societies, trying to integrate China, France and western France.
The mathematical content in the almanac mainly includes the proportional logarithm table. New proportional four-line table and trigonometric algorithm.
The first two books introduced the logarithm invented and modified by British mathematicians Napier and Briggs. In addition to the spherical triangle introduced in the almanac of Chongzhen, there is also a half-angle formula in the later book. Half arc formula? German proportional formula? Naisler's proportional formula, etc.
Fang Zhongtong's personal book Sudoku explains the logarithmic theory. The introduction of logarithm is very important to the development of mathematics and is immediately applied to calendar calculation.
Beginners in the Qing Dynasty learned a lot from studying Chinese and western mathematics and wrote many books handed down from generation to generation. Among them, Mei Series and Visual Research have great influence.
Mei Wending is a master of western mathematics. His solution to linear equations in traditional mathematics? Pythagoras' solution and the method of finding the positive root of higher power were sorted out and studied, which made the mathematics of Ming Dynasty on the verge of dying come into being. Xirao Nian's Vision is the first book in China to introduce the western perspective.
Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty attached great importance to western science. Besides studying astronomy and mathematics by himself, he also trained some talents and translated some works.
17 12, multidisciplinary scientist mingjiatu? Astronomer Chen Houyao compiled an astronomical algorithm book according to the will of Emperor Kangxi, and completed the 100 volume of "Fa Li Yuan", which was published in the name of Emperor Kangxi "Yu Ding" in 1723.
Among them, mathematics essence is divided into two parts. The first part includes the elements of geometry? The original algorithm, all translated from French works; Does the second part include arithmetic? Algebra? Plane geometry, plane triangle? Elementary mathematics, such as solid geometry, is expressed by prime numbers? Logarithmic table and trigonometric function table.
Because Essentials of Mathematics is a comprehensive encyclopedia of elementary mathematics, and it is also known as "Yu Ding" in Kangxi, it has certain influence on mathematics research at that time.
To sum up, we can see that mathematicians in the early Qing Dynasty did a lot of work on western mathematics and achieved many original results.
Later, with the collection and annotation of ten kinds of computational classics and mathematical works in Song and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared a climax of learning traditional mathematics. Among them, can Jiao Xun break through the old rules and invent something? Wang lai? Li Rui? Li et al.
Compared with Song and Yuan Algebra, their work is better than Chen Wenzhao's. Compared with western algebra, it is a little late, but these achievements were obtained independently without being influenced by modern western mathematics.
At the same time of the climax of traditional mathematics research, Ruan Yuan and Li Rui compiled A Biography of Astronomical Mathematicians, which collected more than 270 astronomers and mathematicians who died from the Yellow Emperor period to 1799, and 4 1 missionary who introduced western astronomical mathematics since the late Ming Dynasty. This book is a collection of first-hand raw materials, which is quite influential in academic circles.
1840 after the opium war, modern western mathematics began to be introduced into China. First of all, the British set up the Mohai Library in Shanghai and introduced western mathematics.
After the Second Opium War, the Qing court launched the "Westernization Movement", advocated the introduction and study of western mathematics, and organized the translation of a number of modern mathematics works.
Among them, the most important is the Generation of Algebra and Differential Product translated by Li and others. Algebra translated by Hua and Englishman John Flair? Differential product and the origin of suspicious mathematics: Zou, preparation for editing Metaphysics? Algebra Preparation and Written Mathematics; Xie Hongtai and Pan translated Dai Shen and Eight-legged Inscription.
In these translations, many mathematical terms and terms have been created, which are still used today, but most of the mathematical symbols used have been eliminated. After the Reform Movement of 1898, new law schools were established in various places, and some of the above works became the main teaching materials.
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