The total length of German railway network is about 48215km, and there are about 50,000 passenger and freight trains running every day. Regional railways include regional express railway (RE), regional railway (Rbo) and urban railway (S-Bahn). Long-distance railways, including Eurotown (EC), Intercity (IC) and Intercity Express (ICE), all run according to a fixed daily schedule. The range of long-distance railway transportation is about 2000 kilometers long. The high-speed railway network consists of many centers. Germany's high-speed railway, that is, the intercity express train, is operated by the German railway with an operating speed of 300 kilometers per hour, connecting Germany and major cities in neighboring countries.
Frankfurt Airport (the second largest airport in Europe, second only to London, and the airport with the largest cargo volume) and Munich Airport are the largest airports in Germany, both of which are Lufthansa's hub airports, while air berlin's hub airports are located in Berlin-Tegel Airport and Dusseldorf Airport. Other important airports in Germany include Berlin-Schoenefeld Airport, Hamburg Airport, Cologne/Bonn Airport and Leipzig/Harley Airport. Flights from two airports in Berlin will be moved from 20 13 to Berlin Brandenburg Airport in the south of Berlin-Schoenefeld Airport.
Hamburg Port is the largest port in Germany and the second largest port in Europe, and it is "Germany's gateway to the world". The education system in Germany is compulsory from 12 to 13, which is roughly the primary and secondary education stages. In fact, the education system varies from state to state. Preschool education depends on parents' wishes, and children can be sent to nurseries, which is purely non-compulsory education. The primary school period is four years except for a few states (such as Berlin). In the secondary education stage, the main system adopted in Germany is "one book and three subjects". In the stage of entering middle school, there is a two-year Orientierungsstufe, through which you can decide which school to study in the future through the suggestions of teachers and the wishes of parents. There are three main schools to choose from in secondary education, namely senior middle school, real middle school and grammar middle school. The entrance age of kindergarten is 3 to 6 years old, and then compulsory education lasts for more than 9 years. Basic education usually lasts four years. Before entering the middle school stage, there is an orientation stage (German: Orientierungsstufe) to decide the school to study in the future. The secondary education stage is divided into three categories, including liberal arts secondary schools, which are geared to students with good talents who want to enter universities in the future and last for about 9 years. Realschule (German) intermediate level students study for 6 years; The main school (German: Hauptschule) provides vocational education. Generally, you need to take the middle school entrance examination (German: Abitur) to enter the university, which includes evaluating the performance of middle schools in recent years and the final exam, but the specific situation varies from state to state, from university to university and from subject to subject.
German universities are not as prominent as American and British universities in international university rankings, which is related to Germany's unique education and scientific research system. German higher education has relaxed the accreditation scope of higher education institutions according to 1976 bundeschchulrahmengesetz (HRG). All schools named after (Hochschule) are generally called universities, and the population of higher education has also expanded rapidly under the large demand of society. By the end of 20 14, there were about 2.5 million registered students in Germany, accounting for 33% of the population aged 19-26, distributed in 1 14 universities, 223 colleges and 56 art and music schools. These institutions are equivalent to China College and Technical College, and award bachelor's degrees just like universities, but their academic status is lower than that of universities of the same name. German universities originally did not have a master's degree. The institute was designed for doctoral students and only provided doctoral degrees. The master's degree was established in coordination with other EU countries. Starting from the summer semester of 2007, German national higher education began to charge about 65,438+000 euros per semester, except for a few so-called "quantity clauses" allocated by ZVS central government.
In addition to restricted subjects, there is no need for entrance examination, but the way of admission application is adopted. 20 12 CHE selection by german national higher education center 1 1 elite universities. In 2006, the nine most famous German universities of technology formed TU9 technical university of munich, Dresden University of Technology and Aachen University of Technology. University of Heidelberg, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Munich, University of Tubingen, University of Constance, University of Cologne, University of Bremen, technical university of munich, Dresden University of Technology, Aachen University of Technology, Berlin University of Technology, Darmstadt University of Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Stuttgart University, Leibniz-Hanover University and Brunswick University of Technology have made remarkable achievements and invested in science. There are 103 Germans who won the Nobel Prize. In the 20th century, Germany won more Nobel Prizes than other countries, especially in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine.
Albert Einstein and Max Planck are the important founders of modern physics, Werner Heisenberg and Max Born, and further developed them. Before that, important physicists included hermann von helmholtz, Joseph Flawn Hof and Gabriel Wallenhardt. Wilhelm rontgen discovered X-rays and won the first Nobel Prize in Biology 190 1. Otto hahn was a pioneer in the field of radiation and radiochemistry, and discovered nuclear fission. Microbiology was founded by Ferdinand Cohn and robert koch. German mathematicians include Gauss, david hilbert, Bernhard Riemann, gottfried leibniz, Karl Weierstrass, Herman Will and Felix Klein. German research institutions include Max Planck Institute, Helmholtz Federation and Fraunhofer Association. The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize is awarded to 10 scientists or academic researchers every year, with the highest prize of 2.5 million euros, which is one of the highest awards for funding research in the world.
There are also many famous inventors and engineers in Germany, such as Hans Geiger who invented Geiger counter. Konrad Zuse made the first fully automatic digital computer. Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, gottlieb daimler, Rudolf Dissel, Hugo Juncker and karl benz shaped modern automobile and air transportation technology. Space engineer Werner wernher von braun developed the first space rocket, and then developed the Saturn 5 launch vehicle at NASA, which made the Apollo program come true. Heinrich hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves, which is very important for the development of modern telecommunications.
Germany is mature in the development and application of environmental science and technology. Enterprises have invested more than 200 billion euros in environmental science and technology. German environmental science and technology focuses on power generation, sustainable energy transportation, raw material efficiency, energy efficiency, waste management, resource recovery and sustainable water management. Germany has the oldest universal medical insurance system in the world, which began with Bismarck's social security law in 1883. The German government provides a wide range of health insurance plans according to law, and some people, such as lifelong employees, self-employed and high-income employees, can choose to quit the plan and buy private insurance. Before 2009, this specific group of people had to choose not to join any insurance.
According to the data of the World Health Organization, in 2005, the government and individuals paid 77% and 23% of the German medical and health system expenditure respectively, and the medical expenditure accounted for about 1 1% of the gross national product. The average life expectancy of men and women in Germany is 77 years and 82 years respectively, ranking 20th in the world. The infant mortality rate in Germany is relatively low, about four per thousand. In 20 10, the main cause of death was cardiovascular disease, accounting for 4 1%, followed by malignant tumor, accounting for 26%. About 82,000 people were infected with AIDS in 2008. 1982 So far, 26,000 people have died of AIDS. Experience in holding competitions
1936 Berlin Olympic Games
1972 Munich Olympic Games
1974 World Cup in Germany
1988 European Cup in West Germany
The 2006 Germany FIFA World Cup
2009 World Athletics Championships
Germany is one of the leading countries in motor racing in the world. There are a lot of F/KLOC-0 drivers here, among which michael schumacher, the most successful driver in the history of F/KLOC-0, is from Germany. He has set and maintained many records of F 1 and is one of the highest-paid athletes in the world. His brother ralf schumacher is also a driver of F 1, and now he is a DTM driver, Schumacher. BMW and Mercedes-Benz are the main manufacturers of motor racing. In addition, Porsche has won the 16 Le Mans 24 Hours, while Audi has won 9 championships. German DTM Touring Car Masters is one of the most famous touring car races in the world.
Track and field, swimming, rowing, football, equestrian, hockey and handball are the traditional strengths of the German team. Winter sports are also Germany's strong point. In bobsleigh, bobsleigh, Biathlon, Cross-country Skiing and Speed Skating, they often win medals in European and international competitions. Famous sports stars include tennis star Becker and tennis queen Graf, cyclist Jan Ulrici, Nine-Ball Emperor Su Kuite, gymnast veteran Chusovitina and table tennis star Timo Bohr.
Dirk nowitzki, the first foreign MVP in NBA history and the star of Dallas Mavericks, came from Wü rzburg.
The level of German football has always been in the forefront of the world. The Bundesliga, one of the five major leagues in Europe, ranks second in the average attendance rate in any professional sports league in the world. About 27 million people in Germany have joined sports clubs, and there are 9 1 000 sports clubs in China. Football is the most popular sport in Germany. 20 10-20 1 1 season, the Bundesliga set a new national television broadcast record of 197. Germany's national football team is one of the best teams in the history of the World Cup, ranking first in the general staff, second in the total points, second in the number of champions, * * * reaching the final 18 times, semi-final 13 times, quadruple, quadruple, quadruple, 1 time. German women's football team has also won two World Cups, and Germany is the only country in the world to win the women's and men's World Cups. In the 2006 World Cup in Germany, Germany won the third place, and in the 20 10 World Cup in South Africa, Germany won the third place again, becoming the first team to win the third place in history. Rising star thomas moorer won the Golden Boot Award and the Best Newcomer Award. 20 14 world cup in Brazil, Germany won the championship, thomas moorer won the silver ball award and the silver boot award, and Neuer won the golden glove award. Germany *** 1 1 participated in the European Cup and won the triple crown in Sanya, which is the best team.
Germany ranked third in the total medal list of the whole Olympic Games (including former East Germany and West Germany), in which I won 163 gold, 163 silver and 203 bronze in the summer Olympic Games, totaling 529 medals, and I won 70 gold, 72 silver and 48 bronze in the winter Olympic Games, totaling 198 medals.
Achievements of previous summer Olympic Games in Germany: gold medal, silver medal and bronze medal in1992332128319962018273200014/kloc-0. 5438+06186 20081615 At the Winter Olympics in Turin in February 2006, Germany * * * won1/gold,1.
At the Vancouver Winter Olympics held in February 20 10, Germany won 10 gold, 13 silver and 7 bronze, ranking second in the medal list. Germany is called "the country of poets and thinkers" in history.
Nobel Prize in Literature winner
Seddor Munson, Ou Ken, Heyzer, Hopterman, thomas mann, Hesse, Bourne, Gunter grass, Hertha Muller.
Nobel peace prize winner
Lyman, Ossietzky and Brandt.
The history of German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages. Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, German literature reached its peak in the18th century. Goethe, Heine, Schiller, Lessing and Brothers Grimm are all outstanding representatives. The works of many German painters enjoy a high reputation in the world, and their creative forms are very diverse. Caroline architecture and Otto architecture originated in Germany promoted the development of Romanesque architecture, followed by Gothic architecture, Renaissance architecture and Baroque architecture. German writers, painters and architects Walter von Del vogel Weide, wolfram von Eichenbach,
Johann wolfgang von goethe, Friedrich Schiller,
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Theodore Feng Tana,
Brothers Grimm, heinrich heine, thomas mann,
Herman Hesse, Heinrich B?ll, gerhart hauptmann,
Important Renaissance artists in Gunter grass and Bertolt Brecht: holbein hans Junior, Mathis Grunewald and Al Brecht Diu Lei.
Romantic painter: Caspar Friedrich
Surrealist painter: max ernst
Development of Modernist Architecture: Walter Gropes (who founded Bauhaus School of Architecture) and Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe (a famous architect in the 20th century, who proposed a skyscraper with all-glass curtain wall). Various concerts, art exhibitions, theatrical performances, international large-scale sports competitions, street celebrations and Christmas fairs in Germany also attracted countless tourists. There are many festivals in Germany, such as Oktoberfest in Munich, Christopher Street Day in Cologne, Karneval der Kulturen, Mainz Carnival, Cologne Carnival and so on. , are folk festivals with a long history and international reputation.
There are 37 UNESCO-certified World Heritage Sites in Germany.
German society attaches great importance to gender equality and the rights of the disabled, and is also quite tolerant of homosexuality in society and legislation. Homosexuals can adopt their own children from 200 1 and recognize civil union. Germany's attitude towards immigrants has also changed. Since the mid-1960s, the German government and most people have welcomed immigrants who have passed the qualification examination. According to a global poll conducted by BBC on 20 1 1, Germany is the country with the highest positive influence. Taboo number 13. Look at Friday 13 ominous. I don't like red, red and black and brown, especially dark green. The law forbids symbols and patterns of Nazis or their legions, and hates chrysanthemums, roses (only for mourning) and bats. Avoid walnuts.
Chrysanthemums, roses and roses are forbidden when sending flowers. Flowers and the number of flowers cannot be 13 or even, and flowers cannot be wrapped in paper. It is forbidden to send anything too personal. Gift wrapping paper should not be black, white or brown, nor should it be wrapped with ribbon. Germany has a developed tourism industry. A large number of domestic and foreign tourists visit Germany every year. Germany has 38 world cultural and natural heritages, second only to Italy, China and Spain, and ranks fourth in the world with France, including 36 cultural heritages and only 2 natural heritages. Famous scenic spots include Cologne Cathedral, Berlin Parliament Building, rothenburg, Munich German Museum, Heidelberg Old Town, Neuschwanstein Castle, Black Forest, King Lake, Dresden Gallery and so on.
According to the report of the German Central Tourism Administration (DZT), the number of foreign tourists in Germany has exceeded 46 million for the first time since 20 12, and the number continues to increase. Most of these tourists come from other European countries, the United States and Asia. Traveling in Germany is not limited to urban tourism, and the town has unique scenery.
As far as cities are concerned, Berlin, Munich, Frankfurt, Cologne, Dresden, Stuttgart, Hamburg, Dü sseldorf and Nuremberg are the ten most popular German cities, and the most popular federal states are Bavaria, North Rhine-westfalen and Baden-Wü rttemberg. Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg Gate is located in the center of Berlin, with Pariser Platz and Banishuxia Street (Unter den Linden) at the east and March 8th Square (Platz des 18) at the east. m？ Rz) and June17th Street (German: Stra? The starting point of DES 17. JUNI) is a symbol of Berlin and a national symbol of Germany. It witnessed many important historical events in Berlin, Germany, Europe and even the world. 1788, Prussian King Friedrich William II unified the German Empire. At that time, Karl Goethe-Haar-Hans, a famous German architect, was appointed to undertake the design and construction work. Based on the ancient Greek colonnade gate in Athens, he designed the Arc de Triomphe, which was built in 179 1 and was once named "the gate of peace". The goddess on the chariot was called "the goddess of peace".
sans souci palace
Located in the northern suburb of Potsdam, the capital of Brandenburg in the eastern part of the Federal Republic of Germany. The name of this palace comes from French, which means "carefree" (or "Mochow"). Worry-free Palace and its surrounding gardens were built by King Frederick II of Prussia (1745-1757). The whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares and is located on a sand dune, so it is also called "the palace on the sand dune".
Cologne Cathedral
It is the most perfect Gothic church in the world, located on the Rhine River in the center of Cologne, Germany. The main hall is 42 meters high, and the top column is 109 meters high. In the center, there are two minarets connected to the door wall. These two 157.38-meter spires are like two sharp swords, which go straight into the sky.
Berlin Wall Site
The Berlin Wall is 3.5 meters high and has a cement slab structure with cement pipes at the top. 196 1 was built as a witness of German ethnic division and the Cold War. When 1989 was about to be unified, it was demolished as a symbol of friendship, which promoted the unification of East and West Germany.
Neuschwanstein
Neuschwanstein Castle, a mythical castle with white walls and blue roofs, is located in Fussen, a small town in Texas in the Alps. It is one of the palaces of King Ludwig II of Bavaria and the most photographed building in Germany. It is also one of the most popular tourist attractions.