(1) Use your head and be diligent.
Galileo1February 564 15 was born in a family of musicians and mathematicians in Pisa. He has been fond of machinery, mathematics, music, poetry and painting since childhood, and likes to make waterwheels, windmills and ship models. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, although he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine according to his father's orders, he studied ancient books in the library and conducted experiments alone despite the opposition of professors. /kloc-in the winter of 0/582, O. Ritchie, the young math teacher of the Duke of Tuscany, allowed Galileo to sit in and let him enter a new world. Rich is good at applied mechanics and applied mathematics, and his lectures are vivid, which makes him study hydraulics, architecture, engineering technology and experiments. During this period, Galileo eagerly read many books on ancient mathematics and philosophy, and Archimedes deeply infected him by combining mathematics with experiment. He said affectionately, "Archimedes is my teacher."
(2) Good at observation and diligent in experiments.
Galileo was particularly interested in all kinds of sports around him, but he found that "the problem of sports is so old and meaningful research is so pitiful." His student vivienne described the scene of 1583 19-year-old cangue lillo in Pisa Cathedral in the Biography of Galileo:
"With peculiar curiosity and sensitivity, I observed the movement of the chandelier hanging at the top of the church-when it swings along the big arc, the middle arc and the small arc, does it swing for the same time ... when the chandelier swings regularly, ... he uses his own pulse beat and music beat ... to calculate, and he clearly draws the conclusion that the time is exactly the same. Still not satisfied with this, he went home ... and tied a shot with two ropes of the same length to swing freely ... He pulled the two pendulums to different angles from the vertical, such as 30 and 10, and then let them go at the same time. With the help of his partner, he saw that no matter whether he swings along a long arc or a short arc, the two pendulums swing exactly the same number of times in the same time interval. He made two other similar pendulums, but with different lengths. He found that when the short pendulum swings 300 times and the long pendulum swings 40 times (all at large angles), at other angles (such as small angles), in the same time interval, their respective swinging time is exactly the same as that of the large angle, and repeated many times ... He came to the conclusion that it seems that air resistance has little effect on the fast swing of heavy objects and the slow swing of light objects, and the swinging period of a single pendulum with a certain length is the same. He also found that the absolute weight and relative proportion of the pendulum ball will not lead to significant changes in the cycle ... As long as the lightest material is not deliberately chosen as the pendulum ball, it will stop quickly because of too much air resistance. "
Galileo's accidental discovery not only made many measurements, but also considered factors such as amplitude, period, rope length, resistance, weight and material. He also made the first practical instrument-pulse meter by adjusting and scaling the length of the rope.
1585, he dropped out of school because of family poverty and returned to Florence, where he became a tutor and worked hard on his own. He got inspiration from studying Archimedes' On Floating Bodies, the law of leverage and the story of the golden crown. Through simple demonstration, it is proved that the buoyancy of a certain mass object has nothing to do with the shape of the object, but only with the specific gravity. He carved the weight and volume list of pure gold and pure silver on the scale, and when weighing it with the alloy products to be tested, he could quickly read the fineness of gold and silver. This "buoyancy balance" is very convenient for gold and silver trading. 1586, he wrote his first paper "Small Balance" to describe this small production. 1589, he combined mathematical calculation with experiments and wrote a paper on several methods for calculating the center of gravity of solids. These achievements led him to be hired as a professor at the University of Pisa in 1589, and moved to Venice in 1592 to become a professor at the University of Padua, starting the golden age of his life.
At the University of Padua, he made the first thermometer to help doctors measure the patient's temperature. This is an open liquid thermometer, which uses colored water or alcohol as the temperature measuring substance. This is actually the prototype of thermometer and barometer. Using the thermal expansion and cold contraction of gas, the temperature is measured as an objective physical quantity through a glass tube filled with liquid.
Galileo thought: "The magical art lies in trivial and childish things, and the commitment to great inventions should start from the meanest". I deeply understand that only one experiment or confirmation is enough to overthrow all possible reasons. Galileo is worthy of being the founder of experimental science.
(3) Breaking superstition and pioneering and innovating.
Galileo carefully read Aristotle's Physics and other works, and thought that many of them were wrong. He objected to submission to Aristotle's authority and laughed at those nerds who "stuck to Aristotle's words". He thinks that people who can only recite others' words cannot be called philosophers, but only "memorists" or "reciting doctors". He believes that "the world is an open living book" and "the true philosophy is written in the greatest book that is always open before our eyes. This book is written in various geometric figures and mathematical vocabulary. "
He was curious since he was a child, so he could argue with his teachers and friends. He advocated "not relying on teachers' prestige, but relying on argumentation" to meet his rational requirements. He opposes some unreasonable traditions. For example, when he was teaching at the University of Pisa, he resolutely opposed the old rule that professors must wear robes and spread satirical poems against wearing robes among students. He was convinced of the correctness of Copernicus' theory, and he hit the nail on the head by laughing at those who thought that celestial bodies were unchanged. "Those who hold great praise for things like immortality are just eager to live forever and afraid of death."
Galileo relied on the combination of craftsmen's practical experience and mathematical theory, his keen observation and a large number of experimental results. Through eloquence and facts, he shattered the imprisonment of Aristotle and Ptolemy's ideology supported by the church for more than two thousand years, and laid the cornerstone of scientific mechanics in the theory of motion (such as the introduction of speed and acceleration, the principle of relativity, the law of inertia, the law of falling body, the isochronism of pendulum, the principle of motion superposition, etc. ) and created an experiment.
(4) Love science and spread the truth.
Galileo set up an instrument workshop in his home in Padua to mass-produce various scientific instruments and tools for his own experiments. 1609 In July, he heard that someone in Holland invented the telescope for people to enjoy. In August, according to rumors and refraction phenomena, he found a lead tube and a plano-convex concave lens, made the first triple telescope, improved it to 9 times in 20 days, and exhibited it on the top floor of the tallest tower in Venetian San Kyle Square for a few days, which was a sensation. 165438+ 10 this month, he made a telescope 20 times larger and used it to observe the sky. He saw the moon as bright as a mirror, but skinny, with mountains and mountains. He also systematically observed four moons of Jupiter. 16 10, he increased the magnification of the telescope to 33 times. In March of the same year, he published the book "Star Messenger", which summarized his observations and strongly refuted the geocentric theory with these observations. Galileo invented the telescope by accident, but he constantly improved the design, made it in batches, and gradually increased the magnification, which was beyond the reach of ordinary scholars, craftsmen or teachers.
Galileo measured the periodic changes of sunspots and the profit and loss changes of Venus through a telescope, and saw countless stars in the Milky Way, which strongly promoted Heliocentrism.
(5) Problems left over from history due to the limitations of the times
Galileo was accused by hostile forces in 16 15. Although he tried several times to save the situation, in 16 16, the Pope forbade him to teach or publicize Heliocentrism orally or in writing. Galileo apparently lived under the ban, but actually wrote a book "Dialogue between Ptolemy and Copernicus" to defend Copernicus. This book was published in 1632, and Galileo was severely punished that autumn. 1633 On June 22nd, Galileo was forced to sign the repentance book, and then he was put under house arrest for life. During the period of house arrest, he wrote a book, Dialogue between Two New Sciences and Mathematical Proof, 1638 was published in Leiden, the Netherlands.