1. Magnesium burns in air: 2Mg+O2 ignites 2MgO.
2. Iron burns in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2 ignites Fe3O4.
3. Aluminum burns in the air: 4Al+3O2 ignites 2Al2O3 I. Scientific name, common name and chemical formula of this substance.
(1) diamond, graphite: C (2) mercury, mercury: Hg (3) quicklime, calcium oxide: CaO(4) dry ice (solid carbon dioxide): CO2 (5) hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid: HCl(6) sulfurous acid: H2SO4 (7) bisulfate: H2S (8). Soda soda crystal: Na2CO310h2o (11) sodium bicarbonate, acidic sodium carbonate: NaHCO3 (also called baking soda) (12) vitriol, blue vitriol and copper sulfate crystal: CuSO4 5h2o (13). 2CO3 (substance decomposed into three oxides) (14) methanol: CH3OH is toxic, blinding and dead (15) alcohol, ethanol: C2H5OH (16) acetic acid, acetic acid (16℃ glacial acetic acid) ch3c. Ammonia gas: NH3 (basic gas) (18) ammonia water, ammonia monohydrate: NH3·H2O (a common alkali with universality of alkali, which contains no metal ions) (19) sodium nitrite: NaNO2 (industrial salt, toxic).
Second, the color state of common substances
1, white solid: MgO, P2O5, CaO, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KClO3, KCl, Na2CO3, NaCl and anhydrous CuSO4；; Iron and magnesium are silvery white (mercury is silvery white liquid)
2. Black solid: graphite, carbon powder, iron powder, CuO, MnO2, Fe3O4▲KMnO4 are purple-black.
3. Red solids: Cu, Fe2O3, HgO, red phosphorus ▲ Sulfur: pale yellow ▲ Cu2(OH)2CO3 is green.
4. Color of solution: Any solution containing Cu2+ is blue; Any solution containing Fe2+ is light green; Any solution containing Fe3+ is brown, and other solutions are generally not colorless. (Potassium permanganate solution is purplish red)
5. Precipitation (that is, salt and alkali are insoluble in water): ① Salt: white ↓:CaCO3, BaCO3 (soluble in acid), AgCl, BaSO4 (insoluble in dilute HNO3), etc. ② Alkali: blue: Cu (OH) 2 reddish brown: Fe (OH) 3 white: remaining alkali.
6.( 1) Gases with irritating gases: NH3, SO2 and HCl (all colorless).
(2) Colorless and odorless gases: O2, H2, N2, CO2, CH4 and CO (highly toxic).
▲ Note: Liquid with pungent smell: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid. Alcohol is a liquid with a special gas.
7. Toxic, gas: CO liquid: CH3OH solid: NaNO2 CuSO4 (can be used as a bactericide, mixed with hydrated lime to make a blue viscous substance-Bordeaux liquid).
Third, the solubility of substances.
1, salt solubility
Substances containing potassium, sodium, nitrate and ammonium are all soluble in water.
Only AgCl is insoluble in water, others are soluble in water.
Only BaSO4 is insoluble in water, others are soluble in water.
Only K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4) CO32- are soluble in water, while others are insoluble in water.
2. Solubility of alkali
Alkalis soluble in water include barium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and ammonia water, while other alkalis are insoluble in water. Fe(OH)3 is red-brown precipitate, Cu(OH)2 is blue precipitate, and other insoluble bases are white. (including Fe(OH)2) Note: AgCl and BaSO4 in sediments are insoluble in dilute nitric acid.
Other precipitates can be dissolved in the acid. Such as: mg (oh) 2co3 baco3 ag2co3, etc.
3. Acids and acidic oxides are mostly soluble in water, while (acidic oxide+water → acid) basic oxides are mostly insoluble in water and partially soluble: barium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide and sodium oxide (basic oxide+water → alkali).
Fourth, chemistry is the most.
1. The most abundant metal element in the earth's crust is aluminum.
2. Oxygen is the most abundant nonmetallic element in the earth's crust.
The most abundant substance in the air is nitrogen.
The hardest substance in nature is diamond.
5. The simplest organic matter is methane.
6. The most active metal in the metal activity sequence table is potassium.
7. The oxide with the smallest relative molecular mass is water.
8. Under the same conditions, the gas with the lowest density is hydrogen.
9. The most conductive metal is silver.
10, and the atom with the smallest relative atomic mass is hydrogen.
1 1, and the metal with the smallest melting point is mercury.
12, the most abundant element in human body is oxygen.
13, the element that constitutes the most kinds of compounds is carbon.
14, the most widely used metal in daily life is iron.
15, China first used natural gas;
16. The largest coal base in China is: Shanxi Province;
17, China was the first to use wet copper smelting (discovered in the Western Han Dynasty [Liu An's Huainan Wanbi Shu "Zeng Qing De Tiehua Copper"] and applied in the Song Dynasty);
18, the earliest discovery of electrons was Thomson of Britain;
19 The first conclusion that air is composed of N2 and O2 was made by lavoisier, a Frenchman.
4. Hydrogen burns in air: 2H2+O2 ignites 2H2O.
5. Red phosphorus burns in air: 4P+5O2 ignites 2P2O5.
6. Sulfur powder burns in air: S+O2 ignites SO2.
7. Complete combustion of carbon in oxygen: C+O2 ignites CO2.
8. Incomplete combustion of carbon in oxygen: 2C+O2 ignites 2CO.
9. Carbon dioxide passes through the hot carbon layer: C+CO2, high temperature 2CO.
10. Carbon monoxide burns in oxygen: 2CO+O2 ignites 2CO2.
1 1. Reaction of carbon dioxide with water (carbon dioxide is introduced into litmus purpurea test solution): CO2+H2O === H2CO3.
12, quicklime dissolved in water: CaO+H2O === Ca(OH)2.
13, anhydrous copper sulfate as desiccant: cuso 4+5H2O = = = = cuso 4·5H2O.
14. Sodium burns in chlorine: 2Na+Cl2 ignites 2NaCl.
decomposition reaction
15, oxygen production with hydrogen peroxide in the laboratory: 2H2O2 MnO2 2H2O+ O2↑ =
16, heating potassium permanganate: 2KMnO4 heating k2mno4+MnO2+O2 =
17, water decomposition under the action of direct current: 2H2O charged 2H2 =+O2 =
18, unstable decomposition of carbonic acid: H2CO3 === H2O+CO2↑ = =
19. Calcined limestone at high temperature (industrial preparation method of carbon dioxide): CaCO3, high temperature CaO+CO2↑ =
displacement reaction
20. The reaction between iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4 == FeSO4+Cu.
2 1, reaction of zinc with dilute sulfuric acid (hydrogen production in laboratory): Zn+Zn+H2SO4 == ZnSO4+H2↑ =
22. the reaction of magnesium with dilute hydrochloric acid: mg Mg+ 2HCl === MgCl2+H2↑ =
23. Reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen: H2+ copper oxide heats copper +H2O.
24. Reduction of copper oxide with charcoal: 2Cu, high temperature 2Cu+CO2↑ =
25. Methane burns in air: CH4+2O2 ignites CO2+2H2O.
26. Water vapor passes through the hot carbon layer: H2+CO+C, high temperature H2+Co.
27. Reduction of iron oxide by coke: 3C+ 2Fe2O3, high temperature 4Fe+3CO2↑ =
other
28. The reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and copper sulfate solution: 2NaOH+CuSO4 == Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4.
29. Methane burns in air: CH4+2O2 ignites CO2+2H2O.
30. Alcohol burns in the air: C2H5OH+3O2 ignites 2CO2+3H2O.
3 1. Reduction of copper oxide by carbon monoxide: CO+ CuO heats Cu+CO2.
32. Carbon monoxide reduces iron oxide at high temperature: 3CO+ Fe2O3, 2Fe+3CO2.
33. Clarify carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by limewater: Ca (OH) 2+CO2 = = = CaCO3 ↓+H2O+H2O.
34, sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide reaction (carbon dioxide removal): 2 NaOH+CO2 = = = Na2CO3+H2O.
35. The reaction between limestone (or marble) and dilute hydrochloric acid (carbon dioxide is prepared in the laboratory): CaCO3+2hcl = = CaCl2+H2O+CO2 =
36. The reaction of sodium carbonate with concentrated hydrochloric acid (foam extinguisher's principle): Na2CO3+2HCl = = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =