The ancient Greeks introduced names, concepts and self-thinking into mathematics, and they began to guess how mathematics came into being very early. Although their guesses were just jotted down, they almost occupied the thinking field of guesses first. What the ancient Greeks wrote down at random became a lot of articles in the19th century, but it became an annoying cliche in the 20th century.

Herodotus (484-425 BC) was the first person who began to guess. He only talks about geometry. He may not be familiar with general mathematical concepts, but he is sensitive to the exact meaning of land survey. As an anthropologist and social historian, Herodotus pointed out that the geometry of ancient Greece came from ancient Egypt. In ancient Egypt, because the land was flooded every year, people often needed to re-measure the land in order to achieve the purpose of taxation. He also said:

The Greeks learned to use the sundial from the Babylonians and divided the day into 12 hours. Herodotus' discovery was affirmed and praised. It is superficial to speculate that ordinary geometry has a glorious beginning.

Plato cares about all aspects of mathematics. In his fairy tale Fei, which is full of wonderful fantasies, he said:

The story took place in ancient Egypt's LokLatin (region), where an old fairy lived. His name is theuth. To Seth, ibis is a divine bird. With the help of ibis, he invented numbers, calculation, geometry and astronomy, as well as board games.

Plato is often full of strange fantasies because he doesn't know whether he is Aristotle or not. Finally, he talked about mathematics in a completely conceptual language, that is, mathematics with its own development purpose. Aristotle said in chapter 1 of his Metaphysics: Mathematical science or mathematical art originated in ancient Egypt, because there were a group of priests who devoted themselves to mathematical research freely and consciously.

It is doubtful whether what Aristotle said is true, but this does not affect Aristotle's intelligence and keen observation. In Aristotle's book, ancient Egypt is mentioned only to solve the argument about the following problems: 1 Knowledge serves knowledge, and pure mathematics is the best example:

2. The development of knowledge is not due to consumers' demand for shopping and luxury goods. Aristotle's "naive" view may be opposed; But it can't be refuted because there is no more convincing point of view.

Generally speaking, the ancient Greeks tried to create two "scientific" formulas, one is ontology, and the other is their mathematics. Aristotle's logical method is somewhere between the two, and Aristotle himself thinks that his method can only be an auxiliary method in a general sense. The ontology of ancient Greece has obvious characteristics of parmenides's "existence" and is slightly influenced by Heraclitus's "rationality". The characteristics of ontology are only shown in the later translation of Stoicism and other Greek works.

As an effective method, mathematics has gone far beyond ontology, but for some reason, the name of mathematics itself is not as loud and affirmed as "existence" and "rationality". However, the appearance of mathematical names reflects some creative characteristics of ancient Greeks. Let's explain the word * * in mathematics.

The word "mathematics" comes from Greek, which means something "learned or understood" or "acquired knowledge", and even has the meanings of "obtainable things" and "learnable things", that is, "knowledge gained through learning". The meanings of these mathematical names seem to be the same as those of Sanskrit cognates. Even the great dictionary editor Littre (e.littre was also an outstanding classical scholar at that time) included the word "mathematics" in his French dictionary (1877). The Oxford English Dictionary makes no mention of Sanskrit.

In the Byzantine Greek dictionary suidas in the 10 century, some terms such as physics, geometry and arithmetic were introduced, but the word "mathematics" was not listed directly.

The word "mathematics" has gone through a long process from expressing general knowledge to expressing mathematics specialty, which was completed in Aristotle's time, not in Plato's time. The specialization of mathematical names lies not only in its far-reaching significance, but also in the fact that only the specialization of the word "poem" in ancient Greece could rival the specialization of mathematical names at that time. The original meaning of "poem" is "something that has been made or completed", and the specialization of the word "poem" was completed in Plato's time.

However, for some reason, neither the dictionary editor nor the knowledge questions involving noun specialization mentioned poetry, nor did they mention the strange similarity between poetry and mathematical name specialization. But the specialization of mathematical names has really attracted people's attention.

First of all, Aristotle put forward that the special usage of the word "mathematics" originated from Pythagoras' thought, but there is no data to show that there is similar thinking about the natural philosophy originated from Ionia. Secondly, among Ionians, only Thales (640 BC? -546) in the "pure" mathematical achievement is credible, because in addition to Diogenēs Laertius (diogenes laertius) briefly mentioned, this credibility and a later and direct mathematics * *, namely proclus (Proclus) when commenting on Euclid * *:

But there is no such credibility in Aristotle, although he knows Thales is a "natural philosopher"; Nor was it Herodotus' early * *, although he knew that celis was a "lover" in politics and military tactics, and even predicted a solar eclipse. These may help explain why there is almost no Ionian component in Plato's system. Heraclitus (500 BC?

There is a famous saying: "Everything is in motion, and things are impermanent", "People can't fall into the same river twice". This famous saying puzzled Plato, but Heraclitus was not respected by Plato like parmenides.

From the perspective of Fang * *, the ontology of Pythagoras is a strong competitor of Pythagorean mathematics relative to the variational theory.

For Pythagoras, mathematics is a "way of life". In fact, judging from some testimonies of Latin writer Galius in the 2nd century AD, Greek philosopher Porfiri in the 3rd century AD and Greek philosopher iamblichus in the 4th century AD, it seems that the Pythagorean school has a "general degree course" for adults, including formal registrants and temporary registrants. Temporary members are called "observers" and full members are called "mathematicians".

The "mathematician" here only refers to a class of members, not to say that they are proficient in mathematics. The spirit of Pythagoras School is enduring. For those who are deeply attracted by Archimedes' magical inventions, Archimedes is the only unique mathematician. Theoretically speaking, Newton was a mathematician, although he was also a half physicist. The general public and journalists prefer to regard Einstein as a mathematician, although he is a thorough physicist.

When roger bacon (12 14- 1292) challenged his century by advocating "ontology" close to science, he was putting science into a big framework of mathematics, although his accomplishments in mathematics were limited. When Descartes (65433) and Leibniz quoted a very similar concept, which became the basis of later symbolic logic, symbolic logic became a popular mathematical logic in the 20th century.

/kloc-In the 8th century, Montukra, a pioneer writer in the history of mathematics, said that he had heard the fact that the ancient Greeks first called mathematics "general knowledge". There are two explanations: one is that mathematics itself is superior to other knowledge fields; Another explanation is that mathematics, as a general subject, had a complete structure before rhetoric, dialectics, grammar and ethics. Montclair accepted the second explanation.

He doesn't agree with the first explanation, because there is no proof suitable for this explanation in Proclus's comments on Euclid or in any ancient materials. However, the etymologists in the19th century preferred the first explanation, while the classical scholars in the 20th century preferred the second explanation. But we find that these two explanations are not contradictory, that is, mathematics has existed for a long time, and its superiority is unparalleled.

The word "mathematics" comes from Greek, which means something "learned or understood" or "acquired knowledge", and even has the meanings of "obtainable things" and "learnable things", that is, "knowledge gained through learning". The meanings of these mathematical names seem to be the same as those of Sanskrit cognates. Even the great dictionary editor Littre (e.littre was also an outstanding classical scholar at that time) included the word "mathematics" in his French dictionary (1877). The Oxford English Dictionary makes no mention of Sanskrit.

In the Byzantine Greek dictionary suidas in the 10 century, some terms such as physics, geometry and arithmetic were introduced, but the word "mathematics" was not listed directly.

The ancient Greeks introduced names, concepts and self-thinking into mathematics.

? "Stone listened to, thank you very much. Monks read spells and performed magic tricks, turning a big stone into bright and beautiful jade and reducing it to something the size of a pendant.

The monk held it in his hand and said with a smile, "The picture is a treasure! There is no real benefit yet, so it is necessary to engrave the numbers again, so that people can know that they are wonderful things at a glance.

Then I will take you to the bustling countryside, the home of poetry and propriety, the bustling land of flowers and willows, the gentle and rich countryside, and settle down and live and work in peace and contentment. "Hearing this, the stone can no longer be banned, but asked," I don't know what I gave * * and where did I take * *?

Please make it clear so as not to be confused. The monk said with a smile, "You and Mo Wen will naturally understand what you said in the future, so you put on this stone and floated away with the Taoist priest, but you don't know where to go.

Later, I don't know how many lifetimes and robberies have passed. Because an empty Taoist priest was visiting immortals in the Taoist temple, he suddenly passed by Gengqingfeng, a wild cliff, and suddenly saw a big stone with clear handwriting and vivid description. The empty Taoist priest looked at it from the beginning, and it turned out that there was no material to mend the sky. The illusion of entering the world was brought into the world of mortals, and he experienced a period of sadness and joy. Who will remember to make a strange biography? After the poem, it is the place where the falling rocks are reborn, and it is the past I experienced personally.

Among them, family boudoir trivia and leisure poems are well prepared and can also be used for recreation. However, in the era of the dynasty, the land and the country were anti-empty. The Taoist priest said to the stone, "Brother Shi, according to yourself, your story is somewhat interesting, so write it here as a legend. In my opinion, the first one is that there is no dynasty age to test; Second, there are only a few strange girl, who are in love or infatuation, or are small talents, without the virtue and ability of talented women.

I copied it vertically, for fear that the world wouldn't like it. "Stone smile replied:

"I'm so stupid! If there is no dynasty to test, why is it difficult for our teacher to make up for it under the pretext of Han and Tang Dynasties? But I think unofficial history has always been like this, so I, who don't do this, are novel and unique, but I just take it as a fact, so why should I be detained in the dynasty?

Moreover, ordinary people rarely like to read books on governing the country, and there are many people who love leisure. Unofficial history has always been a vicious adulterer, either slandering your husband or belittling your daughter. There is also a romantic pen and ink, obscene, filthy, toxic, and countless children of bad people.

If a book like Beauty and Talented Persons is published, and thousands of books are published, it will eventually involve obscenity, so that Pan An, Zijian and Xizijun are all on paper. But the author wants to write his own two love poems, so it is false to draw up the names of men and women. There will be a villain next to him, and he will be like a clown in the play. And the servant girl's opening is relevant, not reasonable. Therefore, if we look at them one by one, we can see that they are all contradictory and unreasonable, but they are not as good as the women I have seen and heard in my life. Although I dare not say that I am better than everyone in the previous book, I can overcome my troubles and break the boredom. There are also some awkward poems that can go with rice and wine.

For those who follow the vicissitudes of life, dare not make a hole, but lose the true story for people. Nowadays, the poor have no worries about food and clothing every day, and the rich have no talent. Even if they have a little leisure for a while, they are greedy for sex and good goods to find sorrow. Where do they have time to read books on governance? Therefore, I don't want the world to marvel at this story, and I don't want the world to be happy to read it. I just hope that when they are as drunk as a fiddler, or when they are avoiding things, won't they leave some strength in their lives?

Better than that, but it also saves the pain of talking and running. But also changed the eyes of the world than those who talk nonsense, and suddenly met. Hearing this, the papery talented woman and purple sword Wen Jun matchmaker thought for a long time and re-examined the stone, because although there are some words accusing rape and evil on it, this is not the purpose of cursing the world when it hurts people; When it comes to your benevolence, your minister, your good father, and your filial piety, everything involving ethics and morality is called praise. The sooner you go on, the more endless you will be, which is really incomparable to other books. Although the main idea is to talk about love, it is only a record of love, not an empty talk. It is comparable to blindly inviting romance and privately booking a stolen alliance.

Because he did not interfere with the times, Fang copied it back from beginning to end and became a legend. Since then, the Taoist priest has changed his name to Love Monk, and the Story of the Stone has been changed to Love Monk Record. Meixi, the east foot of the sky, inscribed "Yue Feng Treasures".

Later, Cao Xueqin spent ten years in mourning for Hong, adding and deleting five times, compiling a catalogue and returning to the southeast of Japan in chapters. In this southeast corner, there is a place called Gusu and a city called Nagato, which is a first-rate rich and romantic place in the world of mortals. There is a Shili street outside this door, a Renqing lane on the street, and an ancient temple in the lane. Because of the narrow place, people call it Hulu Temple. Next to the temple lived a hometown official, whose surname was Zhen, Ming Fei and Zi.

The first wife is a surname, virtuous and virtuous, and knows the etiquette. Although his family is not very rich, the locals also regard him as a noble family. Because of this

Often mispronounced 100 Chinese characters

Composition of nearby plants 100 to composition of nearby plants 100 to 200 words 5.

Interesting composition Interesting composition 100 words