Jian 'an Qizi

During the Jian 'an period (196 ~ 220), seven writers were collectively called "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". Include Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Liu Zhen.

The name of "seven sons" began with Cao Pi's Dian Lun Paper: "Today's literati include Lu Kongju, Guangling Chen Zhang, Wang Shen, Beihai Xu, Liu Chen Ruan Yu Yuan Yu, Runan Xingyang Delian, and Dongping businessman Liu Zhen. People who have given birth to seven children have nothing to learn and nothing to write. "These seven people generally represent outstanding writers except Cao Shi and his son during the Jian 'an period, so the theory of' seven sons' has been widely recognized by later generations. Except Kong Rong and Cao Cao, the other six ethnic groups had different experiences, but they all suffered from the rebellion at the end of Han Dynasty. Later, when he defected to Cao Cao, his position changed and he lived a stable and prosperous life. They regard Cao Cao as their confidant and want to rely on him to do something. Therefore, their poems have many similarities with Cao Shi's father and son.

Because the seven sons of Jian 'an once lived together in Wei You (now Linzhang, Handan), they are also called "the seven sons of Nakano".

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The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove

China's seven famous people in Wei and Jin Dynasties, collectively known as "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". Including Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao, Xiang Embroidery, Liu Ling, Wang Rong and Ruan Xian. At that time, there were often seven people gathered under the bamboo forest in Shanyang County (now Xiuwu area of Henan Province), so they were called the seven sages of the bamboo forest. The seven men's political thoughts and attitudes towards life are different from those of the seven men in Jian 'an. Most of them "abandon the classics and respect Laozi and Zhuangzi, and respect the openness." In politics, Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and Liu Ling did not cooperate with Sima Group, and Ji Kang was killed. Dan Tao and Wang Rong successively took refuge in the Sima family and served as senior officials, becoming confidants of the Sima regime. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are representatives in article creation. Ruan Ji's 82 Poems of "Yong Huai" mostly use the methods of comparison, sustenance, symbol, etc., which implicitly and tortuous reveal the evils of the supreme ruling group, satirize the hypocritical proprietors, and show the poet's depressed mood under political terror. Ji Kang's "Breaking Up with Mountain Juyuan" takes Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's advocating nature as the argument, which shows that he is an official, and publicly shows his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima Jia. The article is quite famous. Other works, such as Ruan Ji's Biography of Mr. Adult, Liu Ling's Ode to Wine Virtue, and Xiang Xiu's Homesickness Poem, are also readable. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi recorded five volumes of Dan Tao, which has been lost.

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Name: Eight Friends of Jingling

Composers: Xiao Yan, Shen Yue, Xie Tiao, Wang Rong, Xiao Chen, Fan Yun, Ren Fang and Lu Shu.

Literary period: literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

brief introduction

During the reign of Qi Yongming in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, a large number of literati gathered around Wang Xiao in Jingling, forming a literary group, which was called "Eight Friends of Jingling" in the history of literature. The Biography of Emperor Wu of Liang Shu: "Prince Jingling opened the Xifu to recruit literature, and Gaozu (Xiao Yan) traveled with Shen Yue, Xie Tiao, Fan Yun, Lu Chui and others, and posthumous title was an' eight friends'." Among them, Shen Yue, Xie Tiao and Fan Li are all a generation of literati. They sang and contributed to each other, forming a literary trend. "Biography of Southern Qi Lu Que": "The end of the Ming Dynasty will be an article. Good, old, evil, push easy with gas. Runan Zhou? J is good at rhyme, and all the texts are written by palace merchants, with four tones as rhyme, which cannot be increased or decreased. The world calls it' Yongming style'. Yongming writers apply the knowledge of rhythm and antithesis to poetry creation. Their poems are even and harmonious, with loud rhyme, gorgeous rhetoric, neat antithesis and short genre, which lays the foundation for the formation of metrical poems and is a transition from "classical poems" to "modern poems" with strict metrical patterns, so they are also called new-style poems. "Yongming Style" writers have made some achievements in using temperament and other skills, but their ideological content is relatively poor and empty, and their formalism tendency is serious. One of the main members, Shi Liang after the death of Qi, became the main author of palace poems under the influence of Xiao Gang and others. In the history of literature, the literary style of this period is also called "Qi Liang Style". Song's "Cang Shi Style": "Qi Liang Style, as far as the two dynasties are concerned. "Fan Yao's Notes on Helping Tang Guo in the Qing Dynasty:" Those who call it Yongming style are limited to sound diseases; Those called Qi Liangti are gorgeous and beautiful. "

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Yang Jiong, Lu,, and other early Tang writers. "Biography of Yang Jiong in Old Tang Dynasty" said: "In literature and poetry, Yang Jiong is as famous as Lu, Lu and Luo, and he is also known as the' four outstanding men'.

The four outstanding poets are equally famous, which originally refers to their poems, mainly referring to parallel prose and fu. In Biography of Yang Jiong in Old Tang Dynasty, Zhang and Cui Rong commented that Yang Jiong felt ashamed in front of Lu. In Biography of Pei Xingjian in Old Tang Dynasty, they said that they were "knowing people by their articles". After Wang Luo was recorded six times in the Records of the Official Records of Chidai, Yang Jiong and his Essays were regarded as "ghost books" and "calculating doctors", and the cited examples were an essay and a poem, so the four outstanding figures were called poems. Later, it was mainly used to evaluate his poems. There is a phrase "Wang Yang and his contemporaries" in Du Fu's Six Plays, which is generally considered to refer to their poems; However, some people think that referring to the text, such as Zong Tingfu's "On the quatrains of ancient and modern poetry" in the Qing Dynasty, is called "This first theory is 46"; Or think that it also refers to poetry, such as Liu Kezhuang's "Continued Poems in Houcun". When discussing this poem, take Fu, couplet and poem as examples.

Five,

Four friends of the article

Four people in the early Tang Dynasty were called "Four Friends of Articles" by people at that time. They are Cui Rong, Li Qiao, Su Wei Dao and Du. Their works are similar in style, and the content is nothing more than praise and palace banquets. However, in some of their other works, sometimes the news of poetry reform is revealed, and some have made positive contributions to the construction of poetry system. Since the late Emperor Gaozong, they have been friends with poetry, hence the name "Four Friends of Articles". Among these four people, Du achieved the highest achievement. Hu Yinglin said in his poem, "In the early Tang Dynasty, there was no seven-character poetic law, and five words could not be separated. Du is really the first in the beauty of the two bodies. " Du's existing 28 five-character poems, except one that has lost its cohesive force, completely conform to the cohesive law of modern poetry. His achievements in the five-character law surpassed Yang Jiong's, which made the creation of the five-character law reach a higher artistic level at first.

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Ten gifted scholars in Dali period

A school of poetry represented by 10 poets in Tang Daizong over the years. Their common feature is that they emphasize the formal skills of poetry. According to Yao He's Ji Xuan Collection and New Tang Book, the ten gifted scholars are Li Duan, Lu Lun, Ji Zhongfu, Han Yi, Qian Qi, Si Kongshu, Miao Fa, Cui Dong, Geng Yong and Xia Houshen. After the Song Dynasty, there were different opinions, but many of them were not credible.

Most of the ten talented people in Dali are frustrated middle and lower class scholars, and most of them are door guests and dignitaries, so they have made more contributions to the system. The basic theme of his poems is to praise the peace, praise the mountains and rivers and praise the seclusion. However, in their bumpy official career and war-torn official travel life, sometimes there are works that reflect and experience reality. Are good at five words close to the body, good at writing natural scenery and homesickness. Beautiful words and harmonious rhythm, but the theme style is monotonous.

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School of Han Meng's Poetry

Han Meng School of Poetry is an influential school of poetry that rose at the same time as the New Yuefu Movement in the middle Tang Dynasty.

Its representatives include Han Yu and Meng Jiao, as well as Jia Dao, Lu Tong, Ma Yi, Liu Cha and others. The characteristic of this school of poetry creation is to reveal the ills of society by expressing personal misfortune. They advocate that "grievances are heard". They express their anger through bitter songs and learn from each other to sing. Their poetic style is strange and adventurous, Han Yu is strange and heroic, Meng Jiao is strange and ancient, Jia Dao is strange and bright, and Lutong is strange and strange.

They have unique aesthetic tastes, including shocking and grotesque beauty, withered beauty and colorful beauty. Influenced by "Chen Yanwu Qu" of Han Yu's ancient prose movement, they tried to avoid the important and neglect the important, do something unconventional, pay attention to the hard work and try to correct the elegant and agile style of Dali poetry. This new pursuit and change of poetry actively promoted the development of the artistic realm of poetry after the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

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Bai Yuan Poetry School:

Bai Yuan Poetry School refers to the poetry school represented by Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. They are realistic and popular. They launched the new Yuefu movement, emphasizing the role of punishing evil and promoting good, making up for the current situation, and striving to make the language easy to understand.

This school of poets paid attention to realism and popularity, and took a completely different creative path from Han Meng's poetry school. A Qing poet Zhao Yi said: "Han, Meng, Yuan and Bai are the most important Tang poems in China. Han, Jing Meng, businessmen dare not speak; Yuan, white on Tan Yi, what the speaker wants. " On the surface, the two seem to run counter to each other, but the essence is innovation. Although the paths are different, they are all the same.

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Huajian porcelain man

After the Five Dynasties, Zhao Chongzuo of Shu chose eighteen poets, including Wen and Wei Zhuang, as the Collection of Flowers. They are basically the same in the style of ci, writing more about love between men and women in the content, and turning their vision completely to the beauty and life of women, especially their inner life; On the other hand, in art, he is rich in literary talent, gentle and gorgeous, advocating carving, pursuing flattery and full of greasy taste, so later generations are called Huajian poets.

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Nine monks

In the early Song Dynasty, Yu, Zhou, Bao Sian, Jian Chang, Yu, Yu, and Yu were called nine poets.

At that time, Kunxi style prevailed, and the nine monks were dissatisfied with the poetic style of Kunxi style, worshiping Jia Dao and Yao He in the late Tang Dynasty and singing with each other. Most of their works are about seclusion, leisure and life under the forest, and their styles are unique and elegant. Among them, Hui Chong is not only famous for his poems, but also for his paintings, and is known as "Hui Chong Xiao Jing". The original "Nine Monks' Poems" didn't last long. Zheng Qiao recorded a volume of nine monks' sentences in the chronicle of art and literature. For his works, see Song Monk and Ying Lv Kui's Selected Poems of Sui Dynasty.

eleven

Quincy school

Named after Quincy Award Series. They are all modern metrical poems, and the representative writers are Yang Yi, Qian. The content is nothing more than a life of feasting, singing about things, singing about history and singing about love between men and women. The pursuit of rich allusions belongs to neatness, bright words and sonorous syllables; Li shangyin in advertising.

Quincy School was the most influential and powerful school in the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, which was mainly popular in Song Zhenzong period. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, took this as an example, including Yang Yi, Qian and others. Most of them are government officials. The origin of the name is the Kunxi Appreciation Collection edited by Yang Yi. Quincy School is stuck in imitating the artistic features of Li Shangyin's poems, lacking sincere feelings and deep feelings. Its advantage is to pursue the aesthetic feeling of poetry and correct the shallow style of writing in the Five Dynasties. Its shortcomings are mainly imitation, lack of self-reliance and artistic individuality. After the publication of Kunxi Rewards Collection, Kunxi style prevailed for a while, and the true Sect could not ban it. It was not until Ouyang Xiu advocated the innovation of poetry and prose that the disadvantages of Kunxi style were completely eliminated.

Twelve,

Jiangxi poetry school

Jiangxi Poetry School is the first poetry school with a formal name in the history of China literature. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian had a great influence on poetry. Many poets followed and imitated Huang Tingjian, and gradually formed a poetic school centered on Huang Tingjian. In Song Huizong, Ruben wrote the sectarian map of Jiangxi Poetry Society, including Chen Shidao, Pan Dalin, Xie Yi, Hongyan, Peng Hong, Rao Jie, Zuke, Xu Fu, Lin Minxiu, Wang Ge, Li Ke, Han Ju, Li Peng, Chao Chongzhi, Jiang Duanben, Yang Fu, Xie Yi and Li Peng. People think that these poets are in the same strain as Huang Tingjian. Not all poets are from Jiangxi. Hou Yu, Zeng Yi and Chen belong to Jiangxi Poetry School. Later, Hong Zeng, Zeng Si and others joined the Jiangxi Poetry School.

Most of the members of the poetry school are Du Fu. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Fang Hui, Du Fu, Huang Tingjian, Chen were called the first three schools of Jiangxi poetry school. The poetry theory of Jiangxi Poetry School emphasizes "replacing bones with fetuses" and "turning iron into gold", that is, inheriting the words or meanings of predecessors; Advocating thin, hard and strange poetic style; The pursuit of every word has a source. In the creative practice, the school of poetry "takes the old as the new", and the poetry styles of important writers are different, which has become the most influential school of poetry in the Song Dynasty. Its influence spread throughout the Southern Song Dynasty, and its aftermath extended to modern Tongguang poets.

thirteen

Zhong Xing Sida Stone Man

China is the collective name of four poets: You Mao, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and Lu You. Also known as the four great masters of the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, both Yang and Lu were famous. There are few works handed down by Mao; Although Yang and Fan are not as good as Lu You, they have their own characteristics. Yang Wanli rebelled against the rigidity of Jiangxi poetry school and created a lively and natural sincere style. The number of works handed down from generation to generation by Yang Wanli and Lu You is amazing. The four great poets in ZTE represent the second most prosperous period of poetry in Song Dynasty. Yang Wanli has Zhai Chengji, Fan Chengda has Fan Shihu Ji, and Lu You has Lu Fangweng Ji handed down from generation to generation.

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New school poets

This is a school of Ci influenced by Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty. Mainly cats, Liu Guo, Liu Kezhuang and so on. Under the influence of Xin Qiji, they express their patriotic feelings in words, which is as bold as Xin Qiji, but the subject matter is not as extensive and the style is not as diverse as Xin Qiji. Taking discussion as the word and writing as the word is too straightforward. It is better to use symphonic words.

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Yongjiasiling

The school of poetry in China in the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty represents a tendency of poetry creation in the late Southern Song Dynasty. The Four Spirits of Yongjia refers to four poets who grew up in Yongjia (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang): Zhao Xu (word), Ji Xu (word Lingyuan), Zhao Shixiu (word Lingxiu) and Weng Juan (word Lingshu). Because they all come from the gate of Ye Shi of Yongjia school, and their words or numbers all have the word "spirit", they are called Yongjia Four Spirits. Of these four people, Zhao Xu and Weng Juan are cloth-clad, while Ji Xu and Zhao Shixiu have been junior officials. Their poetic style inherited the poetic style of the late Tang Dynasty, and they chose the path of the late Tang poets Jia Dao and Yao He, demanding to write wild, carefree and boring with fresh and engraved words. The poetic style is characterized by inheriting the traditions of landscape poets and pastoral poets, and being satisfied with the leisure life of arrogant pastoral and sentimental spring. In art, he can also deliberately seek work, avoid using allusions, and still paint in a simple way, ignoring the ancient style and emphasizing the modern style, especially the five laws. It even requires that the number of words in the whole poem should not exceed 40 words. To a great extent, it corrected the habit of Jiangxi poets to take learning as poetry. Their achievements were extremely limited, but they were widely reflected in the poetry circles at that time.

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Jianghu poetry school

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Get a name

Jianghu Poetry School is a poetry school that rose after Yongjia Siling in the late Southern Song Dynasty. It was named after Jianghu Collection published by Chen Qi. At that time, Chen Qi, a bookseller, made friends with Jianghu poets, so he published and sold Jianghu Collection, Continued and Postscript. Later generations regarded the poem Jianghu Collection as the same result, so it was called Jianghu School.

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Overview and representative figures

In the late Southern Song Dynasty, most of the poets recorded in Jianghu Collection were cloth-clad or lower-level officials, with humble status and boasting of Jianghu habits, so they were collectively called Jianghu Poetry School. Jianghu poets always express their admiration, seclusion and disdain for their official career, and often criticize the current disadvantages and ridicule the current politics, expressing their unwillingness to associate with the current position. The representatives of Jianghu poets are Liu Kezhuang, Dai Fugu and Fang Yue. Generally speaking, the style tendency of Jianghu Poetry School is that it is dissatisfied with Jiangxi's poetic style and imitates the "Four Spirits" to learn from the late Tang Dynasty, but its approach is wider than the "Four Spirits" and its scope is much wider than that of Tang Dynasty poets. Influenced by the "four great poets" revived in the Southern Song Dynasty, colleagues basically represent the trend of poetry in the late Southern Song Dynasty.