Ampere is a French physicist. 1775 was born in a businessman's family in Joecks, Polemi, near Lyon.
When I was a child, Ampere had a strong memory and outstanding mathematical ability. His father was deeply influenced by Rousseau's (17 12- 1778) educational thought, and decided to let Ampere teach himself and often took him to the library to read books. Ampere taught himself the history of science, encyclopedias and other works. He is crazy about mathematics. /kloc-published his first mathematical paper at the age of 0/3, and discussed the spiral line. 1799 ampere teaches mathematics in a middle school in Lyon. 1802 In February, Ampere left Lyon to teach physics and chemistry at Fort College. In April, he published an article about the mathematical theory of gambling, which revealed the excellent mathematical foundation and attracted the attention of the society. Later, he applied for a position in the French public school founded by Napoleon. 1808, Ampere was a governor of Imperial University of France, 1809, he was a professor of mathematics at the University of Paris. 18 14 was elected as an academician of the French Academy of Sciences. 1824—— Professor of Experimental Physics, French Academy. 1827 was elected as a member of the Royal Society of London. He is also an academician of the Academy of Sciences such as Berlin and Stockholm.
Ampere's main contribution to physics is that he has made important discoveries on the basic principles of electromagnetism, such as Ampere's law, Ampere's rule, molecular countercurrent and so on.
1July 2, 8201day, Danish physicist Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current. French physicists have long believed in Coulomb's creed that electricity and magnetism have nothing to do with each other. This great discovery greatly shocked them, and French physicists represented by arago (1786- 1853) and Ampere responded quickly. At the end of August, arago heard the news of Oster's success in Switzerland and immediately rushed back to France. On September 1 1, he reported the details of Oster's experiment to the French Academy of Sciences. After listening to the report, Ann repeated Oster's experiment the next day, and reported the first paper to the French Academy of Sciences on September 18, proposing that the relationship between the rotation direction, direction and current direction of the magnetic needle should obey the right-hand rule, which was later named Ampere's rule. On September 25th, Ampere reported the second paper to the Academy of Sciences, proposing that two parallel current-carrying wires with the same current direction attract each other and two parallel current-carrying wires with opposite current directions repel each other. 1On October 9th, the third paper was reported, and the interaction between various shapes of bent current-carrying wires was expounded. Later, Ampere did many experiments, summed up the law of force between current elements with high mathematical skills, and described the relationship between the interaction between two current elements and the size, spacing and relative orientation of the two current elements. Later, people called this law ampere's law. 1February 4th, Ampere reported this achievement to the Academy of Sciences. Ampere is not satisfied with the results of these experimental studies. 182 1 year 1 month, he put forward the famous molecular current hypothesis that the circulation of each molecule forms ten small magnets, which is the reason why objects have macroscopic magnetism. Ampere also compared the names of statics and dynamics. He was the first to call the theory of electrodynamics "electrodynamics", and published "Observations on Electrodynamics" in' 1822 and "Electrodynamics Theory of Moths" in' 1827. In addition, Ampere also found that current flows in the coil.
At that time, the magnetism was similar to that of a magnet, and the first solenoid was made. On this basis, the detection and measurement of electricity were invented.
Ampere's research also involves philosophy, chemistry and other fields, and even studies complex problems in plant taxonomy. Ampere is absorbed in thinking about scientific problems, and there are many stories circulating in this respect. It is said that once, Ampei was walking slowly to the school where he taught, thinking about a learning problem while walking. When crossing the Seine, he picked up a pebble and put it in his pocket. After a while, he took it out of his pocket and threw it into the river. When he arrived at the school shield, he walked into the classroom and used to look at the time with his pocket watch, but he took out a pebble. It turned out that the pocket watch had been thrown into the Seine by him. Another time: Ampere walked in the street and walked. I have come up with a formula for electrical problems, and there is nothing strange about it. Suddenly, when he saw a blackboard in front of him, he took out the chalk he carried with him and wrote on it. The "blackboard" turned out to be the back of the carriage. The carriage moved and he followed, writing while walking. The carriage is getting faster and faster, and he runs faster and faster, bent on completing his deduction until he can't catch up. Ampere, this abnormal movement? Let the pedestrians in the street laugh their heads off.
1836, ampere went out to inspect the work as a university inspector, but unfortunately he contracted acute pneumonia on the way, and the treatment was ineffective. He died in Marseille on June 10 at the age of 6 1. In order to commemorate Ampere, later generations named the unit of current intensity after him, referred to as "An".
Ampere is the international unit of current, abbreviated as Ampere, with symbol A, which is defined as: two infinite parallel straight lines with a distance of 1 m in vacuum, connected by equal constant current. When the force acting on each wire is 2× 10-7N, the current on each wire is 1 amp.
Current less than ampere can be expressed in milliamperes, microamperes and other units.
1 A = 1000 mA
1 mA = 1000 mA
The unit commonly used on batteries is mAH (milliampere hour). For example, 500mAH means that the battery can provide 500mA× 1hr = 1800 coulombs of electrons, that is, it can provide an electrical appliance with a power consumption of 500mA for one hour.
supplement
The French physicist André Marie Ampè1775 ~1836 also contributed to mathematics and chemistry. 1775 65438+1was born in a wealthy family in Lyon on October 22nd. He showed his talent in mathematics when he was young. His father believed in J.J. Rousseau's educational thought and provided him with a large number of books, which made him embark on the road of self-study, so he read widely and absorbed nutrition; Rousseau's works on botany ignited his enthusiasm for science.
Scientific achievements
The most important achievement of 1. Ampere is the study of electromagnetic action from 1820 to 1827.
(1) discovered ampere's law.
Oster's experiment of discovering the magnetic effect of current attracted Ampere's attention, which greatly impacted his long-standing belief in Coulomb's creed that electricity has nothing to do with magnetism. He concentrated all his energy on this research. Two weeks later, he presented a report on the relationship between the rotation direction of the magnetic needle and the current direction and the ruler from the right hand. Later, this law was named Ampere's Law.
(2) Discover the interaction law of current.
Then he proposed that two parallel current-carrying wires with the same current direction attract each other, and two parallel current-carrying wires with opposite current directions repel each other. The attraction and repulsion between the two coils are also discussed.
③ The galvanometer was invented.
Ampere also found that the magnetism of the current flowing in the coil was similar to that of a magnet, and made the first solenoid. On this basis, he invented a galvanometer to detect and measure current.
④ Propose the molecular flow hypothesis.
He explained the origin of geomagnetism and the magnetism of matter according to the viewpoint that magnetism is produced by moving charges. The famous molecular flow hypothesis was put forward. Ampere thinks that there is a kind of annular current-molecular current inside the molecules that make up the magnet. Because of the molecular current, each magnetic molecule becomes a small magnet, and both sides are equivalent to two magnetic poles. Usually, the molecular current orientation of magnet molecules is disordered, and the magnetic fields generated by them cancel each other, so they are not magnetic to the outside world. When the external magnetic field acts, the orientations of molecular currents are almost the same, and the adjacent currents between molecules cancel each other, but the surface parts do not cancel each other, and their effects show macroscopic magnetism. Ampere's molecular current hypothesis could not be confirmed when little was known about the material structure at that time, which contained quite a few speculative components; It has been learned today that matter is made up of molecules, and molecules are made up of atoms, in which electrons move around the nucleus. Ampere's molecular current hypothesis has real content and becomes an important basis for understanding the magnetism of matter.
⑤ Summarized the law of action between current elements-Ampere's law.
Ampere made four exquisite experiments on current interaction, summed up the law of force between current elements with superb mathematical skills, and described the relationship between the interaction between two current elements and the size, spacing and relative orientation of two current elements. Later, people called this law ampere's law. Ampere was the first to call the theory of electrodynamics "electrodynamics". 1827, Ampere integrated his research on electromagnetic phenomena into the book Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamics. This is an important classic work in the history of electromagnetism. In order to commemorate his outstanding contribution to electromagnetism, the unit of current "ampere" was named after his surname.
He also made many contributions in mathematics and chemistry. He studied probability theory and integral partial differential equations; Almost at the same time as David H, he knew the elements chlorine and iodine, derived avogadro's law, demonstrated the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature, and tried to find the classification and arrangement order of various elements.
3. Newton in Electricity
Ampere integrated his research results into the book Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamics Phenomenon, which became an important classic work in the history of electromagnetism. Maxwell praised Ampere's work as "one of the most brilliant achievements in science" and called Ampere "Newton in electricity".
Ampere was also the first person to develop the technology of measuring electricity. He made an instrument for measuring current with an automatic rotating magnetic needle, which was later improved into a galvanometer.
Ampere only worked in physics for a short time in his life, but he was able to discuss the magnetic effect of charged wires with unique and thorough analysis, so we called him a pioneer of electrodynamics, and he deserved it.
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An Pei (introduction 1)
(Andre-Marie Ampere, 1775~ 1836)
Ampere, a French physicist, 17751was born in a wealthy family in Lyon on October 22nd. He received a good family education since childhood. According to Rousseau's educational thought, his father encouraged him to take the road of self-study. /kloc-at the age of 0/2, he taught himself differential operation and various math books, showing a high talent for mathematics. In order to study in Lyon library, I read books by Euler, Bernoulli and others. He also spent several weeks mastering Latin. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, he studied the encyclopedia edited by Diderot and da Lambert. Without going to any school, he mastered all kinds of knowledge by himself. 1793 (18 years old), because his father was killed in the French Revolution, he became a tutor to make a living. Read a Rousseau. He rekindled his enthusiasm for science. 1802, Professor of Physical Chemistry, Bourjean-Bryce Central School. 1808 was appointed as the director of the joint organization of the newly-built university, and has held this position ever since. In 2004, he was elected as a member of Imperial College London Mathematics Department. +0865438. 1000606066
He has a wide range of interests. He studied probability theory and partial differential equations in his early years. His mathematical paper on game chance caught D'Alembert's attention. Later, he did some chemical research. He deduced Evan Gardlow's law only three years later than Evan Gardlow's. Because of his superb mathematical attainments, he became a pioneer in applying mathematical analysis to molecular physics. His research fields also involve botany, optics, psychology, ethics, philosophy, scientific taxonomy and so on. He wrote Analysis Notes on the Natural Classification of Human Knowledge (1834 ~ 1843), which is a comprehensive work involving many disciplines.
His main scientific work is electromagnetism. The news that Oster discovered the current magnetic effect was brought back to Paris from arago in 1820. He responded quickly. In just over a month, he submitted three papers and reported his experimental research results: the energized solenoid is similar to a magnet; There is interaction between two parallel long straight current-carrying wires. Then he proved through experiments that in the earth's magnetic field, the energized solenoid is oriented like a small magnetic needle. A series of experimental results provided him with a main clue: the magnetism of magnets is produced by closed current. At first, he thought that there was a great annular current in the magnet, but later he was reminded by his friend Fresnel (macroscopic annular current would make the magnet heat up). Put forward the molecular flow hypothesis. He tried to deal with electromagnetic problems by referring to Newtonian mechanics. He thinks that current elements correspond to particles in electromagnetism, so the fundamental problem is to find out the interaction between current elements. Therefore, from 1820 to 10, he devoted himself to studying the interaction between currents, which showed his superb experimental skills. According to four typical experiments, he finally got the formula of the acting force between two current elements. He called his theory electrodynamics. Ampere's main work in electromagnetism is the mathematical theory of electrodynamics, which is one of the important classic works of electromagnetism.
In addition, he suggested that adding a soft iron core to the solenoid can enhance the magnetism. In 20820, he first proposed using electromagnetism and phenomena to transmit telegraph signals.
The unit of current intensity named after his surname Ampere is one of the basic units of the International System of Units.
Scientist Ampere (Introduction 2)
The French physicist André Marie Ampè1775 ~1836 also contributed to mathematics and chemistry. 1775 65438+1was born in a wealthy family in Lyon on October 22nd. He showed his talent in mathematics when he was young. His father believed in J.J. Rousseau's educational thought and provided him with a large number of books, which made him embark on the road of self-study, so he read widely and absorbed nutrition; Rousseau's works on botany ignited his enthusiasm for science.
Scientific achievements:
The most important achievement of 1. Ampere is the study of electromagnetic action from 1820 to 1827.
(1) discovered ampere's law.
Oster's experiment of discovering the magnetic effect of current attracted Ampere's attention, which greatly impacted his long-standing belief in Coulomb's creed that electricity has nothing to do with magnetism. He concentrated all his energy on this research. Two weeks later, he presented a report on the relationship between the rotation direction of the magnetic needle and the current direction and the ruler from the right hand. Later, this law was named Ampere's Law.
(2) Discover the interaction law of current.
Then he proposed that two parallel current-carrying wires with the same current direction attract each other, and two parallel current-carrying wires with opposite current directions repel each other. The attraction and repulsion between the two coils are also discussed.
③ The galvanometer was invented.
Ampere also found that the magnetism of the current flowing in the coil was similar to that of a magnet, and made the first solenoid. On this basis, he invented a galvanometer to detect and measure current.
④ Propose the molecular flow hypothesis.
He explained the origin of geomagnetism and the magnetism of matter according to the viewpoint that magnetism is produced by moving charges. The famous molecular flow hypothesis was put forward. Ampere thinks that there is a kind of annular current-molecular current inside the molecules that make up the magnet. Because of the molecular current, each magnetic molecule becomes a small magnet, and both sides are equivalent to two magnetic poles. Usually, the molecular current orientation of magnet molecules is disordered, and the magnetic fields generated by them cancel each other, so they are not magnetic to the outside world. When the external magnetic field acts, the orientations of molecular currents are almost the same, and the adjacent currents between molecules cancel each other, but the surface parts do not cancel each other, and their effects show macroscopic magnetism. Ampere's molecular current hypothesis could not be confirmed when little was known about the material structure at that time, which contained quite a few speculative components; It has been learned today that matter is made up of molecules, and molecules are made up of atoms, in which electrons move around the nucleus. Ampere's molecular current hypothesis has real content and becomes an important basis for understanding the magnetism of matter.
⑤ Summarized the law of action between current elements-Ampere's law.
Ampere made four exquisite experiments on current interaction, summed up the law of force between current elements with superb mathematical skills, and described the relationship between the interaction between two current elements and the size, spacing and relative orientation of two current elements. Later, people called this law ampere's law. Ampere was the first to call the theory of electrodynamics "electrodynamics". 1827, Ampere integrated his research on electromagnetic phenomena into the book Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamics. This is an important classic work in the history of electromagnetism. In order to commemorate his outstanding contribution to electromagnetism, the unit of current "ampere" was named after his surname.
2. Contributions in mathematics and chemistry.
Ampere studied probability theory and integral partial differential equations; Almost at the same time as David H, he knew the elements chlorine and iodine, derived avogadro's law, demonstrated the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature, and tried to find the classification and arrangement order of various elements.
3. Newton in Electricity
Ampere integrated his research results into the book Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamics Phenomenon, which became an important classic work in the history of electromagnetism. Maxwell praised Ampere's work as "one of the most brilliant achievements in science" and called Ampere "Newton in electricity".
Ampere was also the first person to develop the technology of measuring electricity. He made an instrument for measuring current with an automatic rotating magnetic needle, which was later improved into a galvanometer.
Ampere only worked in physics for a short time in his life, but he was able to discuss the magnetic effect of charged wires with unique and thorough analysis, so we called him a pioneer of electrodynamics, and he deserved it.
Ampere (Introduction 3)
Andre-Marie Ampere (1775 ~ 1836) is a French physicist. 1775 65438+1was born in a wealthy family in Lyon on October 22nd. I received a good family education since I was a child. According to Rousseau's educational thought, his father encouraged him to take the road of self-study. /kloc-at the age of 0/2, he taught himself differential operation and various math books, showing a high talent for mathematics. In order to read the original Latin works of Euler and Bernoulli in Lyon Library, he spent several weeks mastering Latin. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, he studied the encyclopedia compiled by Diderot and da Lambert at that time. Without going to any school, he mastered all aspects of knowledge by himself. 1793 (18 years old) became a tutor to make a living because his father was killed in the French Revolution. After reading Rousseau's botanical works, he rekindled his enthusiasm for science. 1802, Professor of Physical Chemistry, Bourjean-Bryce Central School. 1808 was appointed as the director of the joint organization of the newly-built university, and has held this position ever since. 18 14 was elected as a member of the Department of Mathematics of Imperial College London. 18 19 gave a lecture on philosophy at the University of Paris. 1824 Professor of Experimental Physics, French Academy,1June 836 10 died in Marseilles.
He has a wide range of interests. In his early years, he studied probability theory and partial differential equations, and his mathematical paper on game opportunities attracted D'Alembert's attention. Later, he did some chemical research, and he deduced Avon Gardello's law only three years later than Avon Gardello's. Because of his superb mathematical attainments, he became a pioneer in applying mathematical analysis to molecular physics. His research fields also involve botany, optics, psychology, ethics, philosophy, scientific taxonomy and so on. He wrote the Natural Classification Analysis of Human Knowledge (1834 ~ 1843), which is a comprehensive work involving various disciplines of knowledge.
His main scientific work is electromagnetism. 1820, the news that Oster discovered the current magnetic effect was brought back to Paris by arago, and he responded quickly. In just over a month, he submitted three papers and reported his experimental research results: the energized solenoid is similar to a magnet; There is interaction between two parallel long straight current-carrying wires. In addition, he also proved through experiments that in the earth's magnetic field, the energized solenoid is oriented like a small magnetic needle. A series of experimental results provided him with a main clue: the magnetism of magnets is produced by closed current. At first, he thought that there was a great annular current in the magnet, and later, under the reminder of his friend Fresnel (macroscopic annular current would cause the magnet to heat up), he put forward the molecular current hypothesis. He tried to deal with electromagnetic problems with Newtonian mechanics. He thinks that current elements correspond to particles in electromagnetism, so the fundamental problem is to find out the interaction between current elements. Therefore, from 1820 to 10, he devoted himself to studying the interaction between currents, during which he showed superb experimental skills. Based on four typical experiments, he finally got the force formula between two current elements. He called his theory electrodynamics. Ampere's main work in electromagnetism is the mathematical theory of electrodynamics, which is one of the important classics of electromagnetism.
In addition, he also suggested that adding soft iron core to solenoid can enhance magnetism. 1820, he first proposed using electromagnetic sum phenomenon to transmit telegraph signals.
The unit of current intensity named after his surname Ampere is one of the basic units of the International System of Units.
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