1, antelope wood carving with mǒ catch dài clutch zuàn
Bang, bang, bang, bang: Simulate heartbeat.
Righteousness zhà ngyì: uphold justice; Pay attention to loyalty and keep promises.
Branches: Branches of a tree.
Cheek Li m:NJá: Two faces.
Trembling hánzhàn: Muscle contraction and spasmodic trembling, shivering with cold.
Make your own decisions: make your own ideas and make your own decisions.
Irresistible kàngjù: irresistible and rejected.
We were inseparable. Xí ngy ǐ ngb ? lí: The description is closely related and difficult to separate.
2. Two papers
Shadow yρnyǐng: When light meets opaque objects, it is a dark area formed by the characteristics of straight line, commonly known as "shadow". Also used figuratively, such as the shadow of disappointment hanging over her heart.
Sister zǐmèi: elder sister and younger sister; A general term for women of the same age.
Complex fánzá: complex and messy.
Bored fánèn: bored and depressed; Not carefree
Wandering páihuái: Walking back and forth in one place is a metaphor for indecision.
Shielding zhē bì: Shielding; block
Cover: cover; involve
State of mind: mind; Emotion (mainly calm or confusion)
Shade y and y and nb?: shade; Concealed; In the shade.
Shake yá ob m: I: shake; Swing.
Lotus.
Bath: Take a bath.
Flowers are auspicious in flowers.
Compassion, cílián n. Compassion.
Press tilt q and qxiétilt instead of the bar.
2. The first volume of the first day of the month is synchronized with the counseling test center.
Chapter 1 Rational Numbers 1. 1 Positive Numbers and Negative Numbers
① Positive Numbers: Numbers greater than 0 are called positive numbers. (When necessary, sometimes "+"is added before the positive number. )
② Negative number: The previously learned numbers other than 0 with a negative sign "-"in front of them are called negative numbers. It has the opposite meaning to a positive number.
③0 is neither positive nor negative. 0 is the dividing line between positive and negative numbers and is a neutral number.
Note: Find out the quantities with opposite meanings: North and South; Things; Up and down; Left and right; Rise and fall; High and low; Growth decline, etc.
1.2 rational number
1, rational number (1) integer: positive integers, 0 and negative integers are collectively called integers; (2) scores; Positive score and negative score are collectively called scores;
(3) Rational Numbers: Integers and fractions are collectively called rational numbers.
2. Definition of number axis (1): Numbers are usually represented by points on a straight line, which is called number axis;
(2) Three elements of the number axis: origin, positive direction and unit length;
(3) Origin: Take any point on the straight line to represent the number 0, and this point is called the origin;
(4) Relationship between points on the number axis and rational numbers: All rational numbers can be represented by points on the number axis, but not all points on the number axis represent rational numbers.
3. Antiquities: Only two numbers with different symbols are called reciprocal. (Example: the reciprocal of 2 is-2; The reciprocal of 0 is 0)
4. Absolute value: (1) The distance between the point representing the number A on the number axis and the origin is called the absolute value of the number A, and it is recorded as |a|. Geometrically, the absolute value of a number is the distance between two points.
(2) The absolute value of a positive number is itself; The absolute value of a negative number is its reciprocal; The absolute value of 0 is 0. Two negative numbers, the larger one has the smaller absolute value.
Addition and subtraction of rational number 1.3
(1) rational number addition rule:
1, two numbers with the same sign are added, the same sign is taken, and the absolute values are added.
2. Add two different symbols with different absolute values, take the symbol of the addend with larger absolute value, and subtract the one with smaller absolute value from the one with larger absolute value. Two opposite numbers add up to 0.
When a number is added to 0, you still get this number.
Commutative law and additive associative law
2 rational number subtraction rule: subtracting a number is equal to adding the reciprocal of this number.
Multiplication and division of rational number 1.4
(1) rational number multiplication rule: two numbers are multiplied, the same sign is positive, the different sign is negative, and the absolute value is multiplied;
Multiply any number by 0 to get 0;
Two numbers whose product is 1 are reciprocal.
Multiplicative commutative law/associative law/distributive law
2 rational number division rule: dividing by a number that is not equal to 0 is equal to multiplying the reciprocal of this number;
Divide two numbers, the same sign is positive and the different sign is negative, and divide by the absolute value;
Divide 0 by any number that is not equal to 0 to get 0.
1.5 power of rational number
1, the operation of finding the product of n identical factors is called power, and the result of power is called power. In the n power of a, a is called the base and n is called the exponent. The odd power of a negative number is negative and the even power of a negative number is positive. Any power of a positive number is a positive number, and any power of 0 is 0.
2. Mixed arithmetic of rational numbers: multiply first, then divide, and finally add and subtract; Operation at the same level, from left to right; If there are brackets, do the operation in brackets first, and then follow the brackets, brackets and braces in turn.
3. The first volume of the first day of the month is synchronized with the counseling test center.
I. Shang Yang's Reform 1, Time-With the support of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang carried out the reform in 356 BC.
2. Contents-
A: The state recognizes that land is private and allows free sale.
B: Those who reward ploughing and produce more grain, cloth and silk can be exempted from corvee, and be granted titles and fields according to their military merits, and the old aristocratic privileges without military merits will be abolished;
C: establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to manage it.
3. Impact:
(1) After Shang Yang's political reform, the feudal economy of Qin developed and the combat effectiveness of the army strengthened, gradually becoming the most prosperous feudal country in the late Warring States period.
(2) During the Warring States Period, countries gradually established a feudal system through political reform or reform.
(National reforms: Li Kui reformed in Wei; Wuqi reformed in Chu and Shang Yang reformed in Qin, the most thorough of which was Shang Yang's reform in Qin. )
1) The purpose of Shang Yang's political reform is to establish feudal rule, develop feudal economy and make the country rich and strong.
2) The reasons for the success of Shang Yang's political reform are: a) conforming to the historical trend of feudal development; Formulate a series of effective methods; C: Dare to fight against the old forces.
4. The reference significance of Shang Yang's political reform to our reform today;
Reform can promote economic development, national prosperity and social progress. Only by following the trend of the times can this country have a bright future. Reform will encounter all kinds of old forces and customs, and will pay a heavy price. Only by persisting and overcoming resistance can we succeed. Legislation is also needed to ensure the smooth progress of the reform.
5. The decree of Shang Yang's political reform, the most important thing is that because of the establishment of feudal land system, the state recognizes private ownership of land and allows free trading.
Legally infringing on the interests of the old aristocrats is to grant Hotan a title according to the size of military service and abolish the privileges of the old aristocrats without military service;
The essence of Shang Yang's political reform is the reform of the feudal landlord class, and Shang Yang should belong to the legalist thought.
Second, a hundred schools of thought contend.
1, Confucian school-founder is Confucius, in the Spring and Autumn Period. His contributions in thought, education and culture;
(1) Thought-He put forward the theory of "benevolence" and advocated "loving others" and "ruling the country by virtue". His theory was used by later feudal rulers and became the orthodox thought of ruling feudal society.
(2) Education-A: Set up private schools to recruit disciples. B: He asks students to review what they have learned on time, so as to "review the past and learn new things". C: Be honest in your attitude towards learning. D: Review the past and learn new things.
③ Culture-He compiled The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Li, Yi and Chunqiu;
Confucian School-Warring States Period: Mencius, who opposed the war, put forward the "war of meaninglessness in the Spring and Autumn Period", advocated the idea of "valuing the people but neglecting the monarch" and implemented "benevolent government". Oppose overfishing of fish and turtles, cut down trees on the mountain on time, and reuse natural resources. This reflects his concept of sustainable development.
2. Taoism-the founder is Laozi, who was born in the Spring and Autumn Period and wrote the Tao Te Ching. Laozi believes that everything has opposites, and the opposing sides can be transformed into each other. "Misfortune is a blessing; Happiness lies in misfortune. " Have simple dialectical thinking.
Mohism, the founder of Mozi, advocates "universal love" and "non-aggression".
4. Legalists-represented by Han Fei during the Warring States Period, advocated reform and the rule of law; Advocating the establishment of a feudal country with centralized monarchy. The book is Han Feizi.
"What you know is what you know, and what you don't know is what you don't know." "Where there are three people, there must be a teacher" is what Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, said. He put forward the theory of "benevolence" and advocated "loving others" and "ruling the country by virtue". His theory was used by later feudal rulers and became the orthodox thought of ruling feudal society. Cultural contribution: edited The Book of Songs, Shangshu and Chunqiu.
"My hard teeth are long gone, but my soft tongue is still there!" It embodies Laozi's ideas. It means that hard things are not necessarily strong, but soft can overcome hard, which embodies his simple and dialectical thought.
4. The first volume of the first day of the first day is synchronized with the counseling test center.
First, the beginning of a new life-fertilized egg 1, all kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation can only function when they are gathered together. These cell groups composed of cells with similar morphological structure and the same function are called tissues.
2. Different tissues are combined in a certain order to form organs.
The basic tissues of animals and humans can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Four kinds of tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is dominant to form organs.
3. * * * * A plurality of organs sufficient to complete one or more physiological functions are combined together in a certain order to form a system.
Eight systems: motor system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system and reproductive system.
4. Basic structural levels of animals and people (from small to large): cells → tissues → organs → systems → animals and people.
5. Plant structure level (from small to large): cell → tissue → organ → plant.
6. Six organs of green flowering plants: vegetative organs: roots, stems and leaves; Reproductive xx officer: flowers, fruits and seeds.
7. Plant organization: meristem, conservation organization, nutrition organization, transportation organization, etc.
Second, single-celled organisms
1, unicellular organisms: paramecium, yeast, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, amoeba.
2. See page 70 of the textbook for the structure of paramecium.
3. The relationship between single-celled organisms and human beings: beneficial and harmful.
Third, the organism without cell structure-virus.
1. virus type: different hosts: animal virus, plant virus, bacterial virus (phage).
5. The first volume of the first day of the first day is synchronized with the counseling test center.
The experiment of starch production by organic producers-green plants 1 and green leaves under light.
2. Photosynthesis: Under natural conditions, green plants can use the light energy provided by the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic substances such as starch in chloroplasts, and at the same time convert light energy into chemical energy to be stored in organic substances, and release oxygen in the process. This process is called photosynthesis.
3. Photosynthesis formula: carbon dioxide+water → organic matter (starch)+oxygen.
4. According to the structural model of root tip, root tip can be divided into root cap, meristem, elongation and maturity.
5. Photosynthesis of plants is the basis for the survival, reproduction and development of all life on earth. By exploring our way, the raw materials of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water, the products are organic matter and oxygen, the conditions are light, and the place is chloroplast in cells. Photosynthesis essentially includes two changes: on the one hand, material changes, which transform simple carbon dioxide and hydration into complex organic matter; On the other hand, it is energy change, which absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy stored in organic matter.
6. Photosynthesis not only provides nutrients for the growth and development of plants, but also is a source of energy for people and animals. The energy in organic matter synthesized by photosynthesis is the necessary energy source for animal and human life activities, and the energy in fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas is also the energy directly or indirectly stored by ancient plants through photosynthesis. In addition, photosynthesis also ensures the relative stability of oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
7. Roots are the main organs for plants to absorb water and inorganic salts. Root hair is the most important structure with absorption function located in the mature area of root tip. When the concentration of the solution in the root hair cells is higher than that in the soil solution, the hungry water in the soil solution will penetrate into the root hair cells, then gradually penetrate into the cells in the epidermis, and finally enter the catheter. Inorganic salts in the soil will also be absorbed by plants into the conduits.