Zuo Zhuan is a chronological historical work in ancient China.

Zuo Zhuan is the full name of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, formerly known as Zuo Chunqiu, and also known as Zuo Chunqiu and Zuo Shi in the Han Dynasty. It was called Zuo Zhuan only after the Han Dynasty.

It is also called "Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn" with Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang. Legend has it that Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.

It is generally believed that Zuo Zhuan was not written by one person, and it was written in the middle of the Warring States Period (the middle of the 4th century BC). Some scholars compiled it during the Warring States Period, and most of it may have been written by Zuo Qiuming. Based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan illustrates the outline of Spring and Autumn Annals by describing the specific historical facts in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Sima Qian said in the Chronicle of Twelve Governors in Historical Records: "Zuo Qiuming, a gentleman of Lu, was afraid of heresy among his disciples, and each had his own opinions and lost his reason. So because Confucius' Historical Records has his own words, it became Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. "Zuo Zhuan represents the highest achievement of pre-Qin historiography, is an important document to study pre-Qin history and the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, and has had a great influence on later historiography, especially on establishing the status of chronological history books.

Moreover, because it has a strong Confucian tendency, it emphasizes hierarchical order and patriarchal ethics, attaches importance to the distinction between honor and inferiority, and also shows the idea of "people-oriented", which is also an important historical material for studying Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. Zuo Zhuan mainly records the decline of the royal family in Zhou Dynasty and the history of the hegemony of princes, and records and comments on various etiquette norms, laws and regulations, social customs, ethnic relations, moral concepts, astronomy and geography, calendar seasons, ancient documents, myths and legends, and ballads.

Zuo Zhuan is not only a historical work, but also an excellent literary work. Shown in: good at describing wars, good at portraying characters, and paying attention to written records.

2. About literary common sense: What does Zuo Zhuan mean? What style is it, and the name of Zigong.

Books that explain scripture are called biographies. Zuo Zhuan refers to the biography written by Zuo Qiuming for Chunqiu Jing. It is a history compiled by Lu historians, and it has become one of the Confucian classics after being collated by Confucius, so it is also called. There are three biographies explaining the Spring and Autumn Period: Biography of Yang Gong in Spring and Autumn Period, Biography of Gu Liang in Spring and Autumn Period and Biography of Zuo Shi in Spring and Autumn Period. Among them, Zuo's Biography in Spring and Autumn Period is referred to as Zuo's Biography for short. (520 BC-456 BC), statesman, founder of Confucian merchants, Wei Guan of Shandong, one of the seventy-two sages of Confucius, one of the ten philosophers of Confucius, and a native of Weiguo (now Xun County, Hebi City, Henan Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He is Confucius' favorite student and is listed as an excellent speaker. Confucius once called it "the instrument of Hu Lian". He is eloquent. I used to do business between Cao and Lu, and I was as rich as a daughter. I am the richest disciple of Confucius. According to legend, Confucius did not come back when he died. Zi Gong felt sorry for his teacher. Others went to the tomb for three years, and he stayed at the tomb for three years, and kept it for six years. There are many records of his words and deeds in The Analects of Confucius, and history books speak highly of him.

3. Classical Chinese knowledge

Inverse n "(1) (pictophonetic characters.

The words from (chuò) and from (n) are also pronounced. "Wei" means "primary outcrop".

The combination of "article" and "article" is "removing new people" and "removing new people" Original meaning: for newcomers.

Welcome, welcome, welcome. Escape: Go in the opposite direction.

Explanation: the meaning of "anti" comes from the original meaning of "walking towards the new person", that is, the greeting person walks in the opposite direction to the new person's direction. (2) contrary to the original meaning [meet], welcome. Kanto said "no" and Kansai said "welcome".

-"Shuowen" declared the public to be a rebellious woman. -"Zuo Zhuan Cheng Gong Fourteen Years" Shangqing rebelled.

-"Mandarin Zhou Yu Lun" attacked Zheng, and Zheng Bo led the sheep against the sheep. -Su Songshi's "On Hou" Jin Hou turned his back on his husband's family.

-"Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Twenty-three Years" Taste Qingcheng Mountain, encounter snow, and do the opposite. -Shen Kuo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan, Personnel One" Tao Zi will resign from the pavilion and return to his hometown forever.

-Tao Qian's "Self-sacrifice" (3) Another example: reverse war (confrontation); Inverse plum (welcome fonagy); Reverse labor (welcome labor); Go against summer (welcome summer). Sacrifice to meet the arrival of the summer heat); Reverse vision (welcome vision); Reverse delivery (welcome delivery); Rebel against her daughter (welcome her daughter to visit her relatives in the province) (4) greet her; Playing [head-on] is the opposite.

-"Zi Tongzhi Jian" (5) Another example: against the waves (against the waves); Fight back (meet); Inverse grid (satisfied); Refuse (meet and resist) (6) fall; Reversal; Move in the opposite direction [reverse; Inverse; The water is more than a hundred miles upstream. -Li Daoyuan's "Water Mirror Zhu Jiangshui" (7) Another example: countercurrent; Inverted scale (inverted scale); Reverse direction (reverse direction); Overflow (overflow of water); Reverse reasoning (bottom-up, back-to-front) (8) conflict; Not smooth; Violate [disobey]; Disobedience; It's wrong to break the knot.

-The ending of Han Shu Zhao Yin Han Shu Wang Zhangzhuan is reversed, and the beginning and the end are balanced-Han Jiayi's Public Security Policy, and for unique reasons, it is impossible to reverse Qin Huan. -"Historical Records, Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" Advice when most needed is least heeded.

-Liu Mingji's "Sincere Liu Bo Wencheng Official Documents Collection" (9) Another example: moving against the trend of the times; Reverse stroke (reverse stroke); Reverse words (words that violate etiquette); Against one's will (against the wishes of the elders); Violation of discipline (violation of regulations); Contrary to Tao (contrary to reason); Contrary to reason (contrary to reason); Reverse negative (anti-disappointment) (10) [upside down] The major event in templo mayor is also a reversal sacrifice. -"Zuo Wenzhu's Two Years of Angong" (1 1) Another example: inverted hair (hair grows back); Reverse sacrifice (reverse the order of sacrifice); Reverse folding (backward turning); Rebellion (12) Rebellion [Rebellion] may open the source of rape and give birth to rebellion.

-"The Biography of Liang Chao in the Later Han Dynasty" An uncle is the inverse. -Wen Song celestial "South Guide Postscript" opposes castration.

-Fang Qingbao's "Zuo Yi Shi" (13) is another example: reverse plan (conspiracy plan); Reversal (accident); Rebellion (a relative of a rebel); Treason (treason); Rebellious princes (rebellious princes, princes); Reversal plot (rebellious plot); Rebellion (anti-party) (14) against [resistance], so I devoted myself to anti-Qin. -Qice III of the Warring States Policy (15) is another example: disobeying orders; Refuse (refuse); Exit); Reverse (reverse rejection and shouting); Refuse (refuse); Repulsion prediction (16); Speculate [predict; Guess] I have my own father and brother, and I'm afraid I can't do what I want to do, so I blew my arm instead.

-"Poems Written by Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" (17) is another example: contrary ambition (guessing his ambition); Reverse (expected; Speculation); Reverse conjecture (expectation, conjecture) (18) retreat [retreat; Hang back. For example, fly in the opposite direction (escape); Backward (backward; Backward); Reverse (retreat, escape) (19) turn [turn; Coil].

Such as: reversal (rotation); Reverse ring (referring to rotating water flow); Reverse folding (the way water rotates)

4. Knowledge points of classical Chinese

1. The basic meaning of "zhi"

◎ To: ~ Here. From beginning to end. Since ancient times. ~ yes. Use ~. What ~.

"Zuo Zhuan Wen Zhuan Gong Er Nian": "It's the Qin Dynasty again ~"

◎ Extremely, most of them: ~ less. ~ honey. ~ make friends (girlfriends). ~ sincere. ~ supreme. ~ famous words.

Xunzi Zheng Lun: "The crime is heavier and the punishment is lighter."

2. "Value"

1. Value, price: currency ~. Produce. Demote ~ L ~。

2. Things that are comparable in price are meaningful or valuable: ~ 100 yuan. Not a penny. ~ when.

3. Mathematically, the result of calculus: number ~. Than ~. Function ~

4. meet, meet: Xiang ~. ~ meet. Positive ~.

5. when, turn: when ~. ~ class. ~ diligence. ~ Geng (gēng). ~ star

5. Basic knowledge of classical Chinese

The structure of classical Chinese (I) Judgment Sentence The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject.

Its common form is as follows: 1 "...", ... and ",... and", ... and ",... and", ... and "and so on. Such as: "Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also. "

[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng.

(2) a ridge porch, old south pavilion also. (3) Nanyang Liu Ziji, noble's also.

Those people were shocked, and Zhou didn't shoot. (5) seven slightly four libraries, the book of the son of heaven.

6 in the palace, everything is one. ⑦ Liang, my enemy, Prince, my foundation.

I hate these three today, too. Pet-name ruby bribing qin and losing strength, the way burst its banks.

Attending, the effect of fighting also. 2. Adverbs Shi, Shi, Shi, Cheng and Wei are used to express judgment.

For example, "Today is the autumn of great submission." [Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied.

When you ask what the world is like today, you don't know if there are any Han people. I wonder what year it is today.

(3) is now in the tomb. (4) Fu Liang is chu will Xiang Yan.

This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. 6. Either you die or you move.

⑦ This is kindness, loyalty and purity. Today is a crucial autumn.

Pet-name ruby Now, I am a fish. Attending I am a madman in Chu, and the wind is laughing at Kong Qiu.

3. Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. For example, "six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars."

[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. (More than 3 sentences) ① Climbing up a mountain, the arm is not lengthened, but the person you see is far away.

(2) The city is not high, the pool is not deep, the soldiers are not strong, and there are not many meters. (3) The North Sea is not too mountainous.

(2) Passive Sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of the action, which is a passive sentence. Its common types are: 1. See you. See you.

For example, "I often laugh at a generous family." [Exercise 1] List such passive sentences in classical Chinese that we have studied.

(The number of sentences is more than 3) Afraid of being bullied by the king. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.

(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, rely on yi cheung. (4) Li, seventeen years old, is good at classical Chinese and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu.

2. "for" and "for ..." are passive. For example, "parents, clans, were all slaughtered."

(1) die, laugh at the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.

(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.

(5) After the Chu Dynasty was conquered, it was destroyed by Qin for several decades. (3) Inverted sentences The inverted sentences in classical Chinese are relative to the sentence order of modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion.

1. Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is a component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis. For example, the word "zhi" in the "disagreement" is the prepositional object.

Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations. (1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects.

What is the king doing here? Wes, who are we going home with? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects. For example, "the ancients did not bully."

(3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi". For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I don't understand it."

"It is urgent to study hard and it is rare to see it." (4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases.

For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2. Attributive Postposition Usually attributive should be placed in front of the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put attributive after the head word. For example, "Earthworms have no advantages as minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat the earth and drink yellow water, and they are also diligent. "

Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes. The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations.

(1) Postposition the attribute with "zhi". Such as: "How many people are there in the world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe".

For example, "a horse can travel thousands of miles, and a stone can eat it all." 3. Adverbials are postpositioned in ancient Chinese. Preposition structures are adverbials and are often placed after sentences as complements.

For example, "the poor speak better than the rich" and "the rich" are prepositional phrases, which are placed at the end of sentences as complements. 4. Subject-predicate inversion is rare, often to express a strong sigh.

For example, "Sorry, you don't like it." "Beautiful, I am a young man from China."

[Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences. (1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king.

(2) There is no difference in love between the king and the people. (3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? (5) What a pity! Too vulgar! If you want to go to Suzhou and Bai Letian, you will be a fool.

Mortals who can't teach their children don't want to be trapped in their own sins. (4) Elliptic sentences are common in classical Chinese, and mastering ellipsis sentences is helpful to fully understand the meaning of sentences.

Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese usually include: 1. Omit the subject. (1) Carry forward the former provinces.

For example, "there are different snakes in the wild of Yongzhou, black and white." (2) carry forward the province.

For example, "Pei Gong said to me,' Gong' I'm going to join the army and enter the army. ""(3) self-reported provinces.

For example, "(giving) love is a stream. When it enters two or three miles, (giving) is the home of those who are particularly unique." (4) Dialogue province.

Such as: "(Mencius) said:' solo music (yuè) music (lè), harmony music (yuè) music (lè), which music (Lè)? "(The king) said,' If you are not with others.' "2. Omit the predicate.

Such as: "One drum is full of gas, then (drum) declines, and three drums are exhausted." 3. Omit the object.

For example, "You can burn it and leave." 4. Omit the prepositional object.

Such as: "After public reading, Jie Ma Teng resumed his life and built a household." 5. Omit the preposition "Yu".

For example, "this clock is placed in water, although it can't ring in wind and rain." [Exercise] Fill in the omitted components in the following sentences.

(1) ran's taste in also, so the surname is creek for Ran Xi. (2) Therefore, Ximen Bao is a famous imperial edict.

(3) It's two strategies, not passive music. (4) all the mountains are flat and covered.

(5) I don't know what to say when I am far away from today and crying on my face. 6. Fishermen and sailors know but can't.