Pronunciation of Roman numerals (Luóm?shùzì) Roman numerals are the earliest expressions of numerals, which are more than 2,000 years earlier than Arabic numerals. Originated in Rome. At present, the most common Roman numerals are the dial symbols of clocks and watches: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII, VII. Corresponding to Arabic numerals (i.e., internationally used numerals now), they are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 respectively. Arabic numerals were actually invented by ancient Indians, and were later introduced to Europe by Arabs, who mistakenly called them Arabic numerals.

Edit this historical development.

About 2500 years ago, the Romans were still in the early stage of cultural development, when they made tables of Roman numerals with their fingers.

It is a computing tool. To represent one, two, three and four objects, extend one, two, three and four fingers respectively; It means that five objects stretch out a hand; It means that ten objects hold out two hands. This habit has been used by human beings until today. People often use such gestures to represent numbers in conversation. At that time, in order to record these numbers, the Romans drew I, II and III on the sheepskin, instead of the number of fingers. Represents the hand, written in a "V" shape, indicating the shape of the thumb and forefinger openings; When expressed with two hands, it was painted in the shape of "ⅴ ⅴ", and later it was written as "ⅹ", with one hand up and the other hand down, which is the embryonic form of Roman numerals. Later, in order to represent a larger number, the Romans used the symbol C to represent one hundred. C is the first letter of the Latin word "century", which means one hundred years. One thousand is represented by the symbol M, which is the first letter of "mille" in Latin, and mille means one thousand. Take half of the letter c and turn it into the symbol l, which means fifty. Five hundred is represented by the letter D. If you draw a horizontal line on the number, it will be expanded by 1000 times. In this way, Roman numerals have the following seven basic symbols: I (1), V (5), X (10), L(50), C( 100), D(500), M (10). Roman numerals and decimal numerals have different meanings. They have no number representing zero and have nothing to do with the carry system. Roman numerals are difficult to write, so they are rarely used by future generations. At present, some clocks still use it to represent hours. In addition, Roman numerals are also used for chapters and scientific classification of manuscripts. In Chinese publications, Roman numerals are mainly used for some codes, such as product models. Computer ASC Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ code contains Roman numerals 1 ~ 12.

Edit this paragraph counting method

The basic characters: I, V, X, L, C, D, M, and the corresponding Arabic numerals are: 1.5,10,50,100,500,1000 (/kloc-0 (2) The small number is to the right of the big number, which means that the number is equal to the number obtained by adding these numbers, such as VIII = 8；; Ⅻ = 12; (3) Small numbers (limited to I, X, C) are on the left side of large numbers, and the number represented is equal to the number obtained by subtracting large numbers, such as Ⅳ = 4; Ⅸ= 9; (4) In normal use, the serial number shall not be repeated more than three times. (Four o'clock on the dial-"iiii", except. (5) Draw a horizontal line above a number, indicating that the number has increased by 65,438+0,000 times, for example: = 65,438+02,000.

Edit the group numbering rules for this paragraph.

There are several points to note; (1) Any one of the basic numbers I, X and C, plus itself or on the right side of a large number, cannot exceed three; Only one can be used on the left side of a large number. (2) You can't put any of the basic numbers V, L and D on the left side of a large number as a decimal, and use subtraction to form a number; Put it on the right of a large number and add it to form a number. Only one can be used. (3) The small number to the left of V and X can only be Ⅰ. (4) The small number on the left of L and C can only be X (5), and the small number on the left of D and M can only be c(6). Adding a bar to the number means that it is 1000 times this number.

Edit this paragraph to compare examples.

Examples of unit numbers are Ⅰ,1Ⅱ, 2Ⅲ, 3Ⅳ, 4Ⅴ, 5ⅵ, 6 ⅶ, 7 ⅷ, 8 ⅸ, 9 ⅹ,10,1. 16 XVII， 17 XVIII， 18 XIX， 19 XX，20 XXI，2 1 XXII，22 XXIX，29 XXX，30 XXXIV，34 XXXV，35 XXXIX，39 XL，40 L，50 LI， Examples of 5 1 LV, 55 lx, 60 lxv, 65 lxxx, 80 xc999 are m, 1000mc,100mcd, 1400md,/kloc-0. 1899mmcm,1900mmcmlxxvi,1976mmcmlxxxiv,1984mmcmxc, 1990 mm, 2000mmcmxcix, examples with more than 3999000 digits-/kloc

Edit this special number

The most commonly used method of expressing 4 in ancient Rome was IIII, so the design style of IV has been strongly protested by "orthodoxy". James O 'Donnell, professor and provost of classical philology at Georgetown University, said that although the ancient Romans sometimes wrote 4 as IV to save space, this abbreviation did not become popular until the Middle Ages. Actually, it's not formal. Some watch experts also put forward a theory that the ancient Romans used IV as the abbreviation of the name of Jupiter, the king of the gods, because they didn't want the name of God to look like a number, which was a "taboo". [ 1]

Edit the summary of this paragraph.

Introduction 1.

Roman numerals were used in Europe before the introduction of Arabic numerals. Roman numerals use seven Roman letters as numerals, namely I (1), X( 10), C (100), M (1000), V (5), L(50) and D (500). Counting method: (1) The same number is written continuously, and the number represented is equal to the number obtained by adding these numbers, for example, III = 3；; (2) The decimal is on the right side of a large number, which means that the number is equal to the number obtained by adding these numbers, for example, VIII = 8, =12; (3) Small numbers (limited to I, X, C) are on the left of big numbers, and the numbers represented are equal to the numbers obtained by subtracting big numbers, such as Ⅳ = 4 and Ⅶ = 9; (4) Draw a horizontal line above a number, indicating that the number has increased by 1 1,000 times, such as =12,000. There are several rules for the number of Roman numerals, which should be mastered; (1) Any one of the basic numbers I, X and C, plus itself or on the right side of a large number, cannot exceed three; Only one can be used on the left side of a large number. (2) You can't put any of the basic numbers V, L and D on the left side of a large number as a decimal, and use subtraction to form a number; Put it on the right of a large number and add it to form a number. Only one can be used. (3) The small number to the left of V and X can only be Ⅰ. (4) The small numbers on the left of L and C can only be X (5), and the small numbers on the left of D and M can only be C. It is troublesome to remember large numbers with Roman numerals, so it is not commonly used. In Chinese publications, Roman numerals are mainly used for some codes, such as product models. Computer ASC Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ code contains Roman numerals 1 ~ 12.

General introduction 2

Roman numerals are a quantitative representation that is rarely used now. It came into being later than China's figures and Oracle Bone Inscriptions's, and even later than Egyptian decimal figures. However, its appearance marks the progress of an ancient civilization. About 2500 years ago, the Romans were still in the early stage of cultural development, when they used their fingers as computing tools. To represent one, two, three and four objects, extend one, two, three and four fingers respectively; It means that five objects stretch out a hand; It means that ten objects hold out two hands. This habit has been used by human beings until today. People often use such gestures to represent numbers in conversation. At that time, in order to record these numbers, the Romans drew I, II and III on the sheepskin, instead of the number of fingers. Represents the hand, written in a "V" shape, indicating the shape of the thumb and forefinger openings; When expressed with two hands, it was painted in the shape of "ⅴ ⅴ", and later it was written as "ⅹ", with one hand up and the other hand down, which is the embryonic form of Roman numerals. Later, in order to represent a larger number, the Romans used the symbol C to represent one hundred. C is the first letter of the Latin word "century", which means one hundred years. One thousand is represented by the symbol M, which is the first letter of "mille" in Latin, and mille means one thousand. Take half of the letter c and turn it into the symbol l, which means fifty. Five hundred is represented by the letter D. If you draw a horizontal line on the number, it will be expanded by 1000 times. In this way, Roman numerals have the following seven basic symbols: I (1) ⅴ (5) ⅹ (10) l (50) c (100) d (500) m (1000). The method of using Roman numerals to represent numbers is generally to write a number of Roman numerals into a column, and the number it represents is equal to the sum of the numbers represented by each number. But there are exceptions. When the symbol I, X or C is located after a large number, it is used as an addend. In front of large numbers, it is subtraction. For example: ⅲ= 3, ⅳ= 4, ⅳ= 6, ⅸ = 19, ⅹ = 20, ⅹ l ⅹ = 45, MCM ⅹ ⅹ c = 1980. Roman numerals are difficult to write, so they are rarely used by future generations. At present, some clocks still use it to represent hours. In addition, Roman numerals are also used for chapters and scientific classification of manuscripts.

General introduction 3

Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome. A * * * has seven digital symbols: IVXLCDM. When Roman numerals are used to represent numbers, if several identical numbers are juxtaposed, it means that the value of this number is several times that of that number. For example, the Roman numeral means 3, which can be written as III to represent 20, and can be written as XX; To represent 30, you can write XXX. When different numbers are juxtaposed, if the small number is on the right, it means that the value of the number is the sum of these numbers; If the small number is on the left, it means the value of this number is the difference between these two numbers. For example, 6 can be expressed as VI in Roman numerals; 4 is expressed in Roman numerals as IV; 1 1 is expressed as Xi in Roman numerals; 48 is expressed in Roman numerals as XLVIII. Draw a horizontal line above the number, indicating that the number has increased by 1000 times. For example: 10000 is written as x; 1 1000 is written as XI. Unfortunately, there is no 0 in Roman numerals. This notation is very inconvenient. If you represent the number 8732, you have to write it as VIIIDCCXXXII, and it is much more convenient to have 0. 0 was introduced in the Middle Ages. At that time, the churches in Europe were very powerful. They tried their best to stop the spread of 0, and some people were even executed for spreading 0. But darkness can't overcome light after all. Once people realize the important role of 0, they will break through the shackles of the church and use it boldly.

reference data

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Roman numeral

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Open classification:

Clock, mathematics, numbers, ancient culture, Rome

The definition of "Roman numerals" in Chinese-English dictionaries (source: Baidu Dictionary);

1. Roman numerals

Let me perfect the relevant entries of "Roman numerals":

Numbers on the left Arabic numerals

Numbers on the left Arabic numerals

The entries in Baidu Encyclopedia are for reference only. If you need to solve specific problems (especially in the fields of law and medicine), I suggest you consult professionals in related fields.

Entry 3623 is helpful to me.