1. Tortoise in Zhi Nuo: The ancient Greek mathematician Zhi Nuo put forward a famous paradox, that is, a tortoise needs to walk 1/2 to walk from the starting point to the end point, and so on. It seems that the tortoise can always walk an infinite distance in a limited time, which proves the inseparability of sports. This paradox contains the idea of calculus, and its deep principle is that infinite elements can be combined to get a limited value, which is an interesting contrast with Zhi Nuo's fairy tales about tortoise.
2. Laplace Beast: French physicist Laplace put forward the concept of determinism. He thinks that if a smart person knows the state of all particles at the beginning of the universe, he can calculate the state of the universe at any time according to all laws. The wise man was nicknamed the laplace beast. However, with the emergence of quantum mechanics, determinism has been challenged, because the uncertainty of quantum behavior makes it impossible for us to determine the exact state of a single particle, thus crushing the prediction ability of Laplace beast.
3. Maxwell Demon: The great physicist Maxwell put forward an imaginary experiment, that is, a monster that can distinguish slow molecules from fast molecules and adjust the temperature of the container by controlling the switch of the door. This experiment tries to break the second law of thermodynamics, that is, energy is always transferred from a hot object to a cold object. But the existence of Maxwell's demon needs information, and the acquisition of information needs energy, so Maxwell's demon can't exist in reality.
4. Schrodinger's cat: Austrian physicist Schrodinger put forward a thought experiment, which is to keep a cat in a closed box with some radioactive substances in it. If radioactive material decays, a device will make a hammer smash the poison bottle and poison the cat. On the other hand, cats can survive without decay. This experiment tries to satirize the absurd side of quantum theory, that is, before opening the box to see the cat, the cat is either alive or dead, but in a strange state of life and death superposition.