Modern writers and social activists. Formerly known as Shen Dehong, Yan Bing, Mao Dun, Zhu Xuan, Fang Bi, Zhi Jing, Pu Li, Tian Xing, etc. They are all his common pen names.

1896 was born in wuzhen, Tongxiang county, Zhejiang province on July 4th. His father Yongxi Shen was a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. He is proficient in Chinese medicine. He is an open-minded reformer and attaches great importance to new learning. In addition to natural sciences such as sound, light, chemistry, electricity and mathematics, he also likes to spread social science works with progressive ideas. My mother, Chen Aizhu, is a liberal arts, visionary and strong-willed woman. Mao Dun 10 lost his father. As a child, he accepted the knowledge of literature, history and geography taught by his mother. Mao Dun said, "My first teacher is my mother".

Mao Dun's enlightenment education began earlier. I studied at home and in a private school before elementary school. At the age of 8, he entered Wuzhen Lizhi Primary School and later transferred to Zhicai Senior Primary School, becoming the first student of the school. Here, he not only read textbooks on Chinese, self-cultivation and arithmetic, but also became interested in painting. At that time, in the eyes of ordinary conservatives, children were forbidden to read novels and other "casual books", but Mao Dun got the permission of informed parents. The Journey to the West's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Water Margin, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and The Scholars are all his favorite books at this time. From Mao Dun's essays in primary school, we can see that at that time, he showed the thought of worrying about the country and the people, strengthening the body and eliminating evil.

Mao Dun spent his middle school days in three middle schools in Zhejiang. 1909 was admitted to Huzhou No.3 Middle School in Zhejiang Province, 19 1 transferred to Jiaxing Middle School in autumn. Soon, the Revolution of 1911 broke out, and Mao Dun warmly welcomed the revolution and became a voluntary propagandist of the revolution. At school, Mao Dun and several classmates attacked an unpopular academic supervisor and were expelled from the school. So I transferred to Hangzhou Anding Middle School and graduated there. In middle school life, although some teachers left a deep impression and positive guidance on Mao Dun, the whole learning atmosphere is outdated. "If you don't read books below the Qin and Han Dynasties, parallel prose is the authentic article, and poetry should learn the seven sons of Jian 'an; ..... tolerance to Tsinghua shukuang ("my middle school and later"). All this once gave Mao Dun the accomplishment of classical literature, but in his memory, it was more ordinary, gray and suffocating. He spends almost all his spare time reading novels. Classical novels inspired his literary thinking, and at the same time, they also showed their marks on his creative style.

19 13, Mao Dun was admitted to the first class of Peking University Preparatory School. After graduating from preparatory school, I started to work to make a living because of my family's financial difficulties. 1965438+In August 2006, I worked in Shanghai Commercial Press. I began to revise English correspondence papers of the English Department, and then cooperated with others to translate books. In this way, the original text of "basic necessities of life" was translated. Soon, he went to the Chinese Department to write Fables of China, and also participated in the editing of Student Magazine. 1at the beginning of 920, when the May 4th literary revolution was in full swing, Mao Dun began to be responsible for the editing of the new trend column of Fiction Monthly. At this time, he successively wrote the Declaration on the New Trend of Fiction, Equal Discussion on Old and New Literature, and What is the responsibility of a writer now? "and so on, revealing Mao Dun's early literary view. In June of the same year 165438+ 10, Mao Dun took over and completely innovated Novel Monthly; At the end of February, 65438+ contacted Zheng Zhenduo, Ye and Zhou Zuoren. In June, the Literature Research Association was established, 192 1. At that time, Mao Dun was mainly engaged in the discussion of literary theory, literary criticism and translation of foreign literature. According to incomplete statistics, in the year of 192 1, Mao Dun published about 130 translations. He devoted himself to the literary revolution with abundant energy. Two years later, due to the dissatisfaction of the old school of the Commercial Press with the innovation of Novel Monthly, Mao Dun resigned as the editor-in-chief of the magazine and transferred to the Chinese Department.

At the same time, Mao Dun took an active part in social revolutionary activities. 192 1 At the beginning of the year, Mao Dun joined the Shanghai * * * production team. In July of the same year, China * * * Production Party was founded, and he became one of the earliest party member of China * * * Production Party. After 1922, under the cover of the editor of Novel Monthly, he became a liaison in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. During this period, he also taught in the party-run civilian girls' school and Shanghai University to train cadres for the revolutionary cause. 1925 When the May 30th Movement broke out, Mao Dun devoted himself directly to the mass revolutionary movement. In June, and Zheng Zhenduo founded the Axiom Daily, which was forced to close soon. In August, as a staff representative, I participated in the strike struggle of the Commercial Press. After the Kuomintang held the Xishan Conference, Mao Dun and Hui established the Kuomintang Shanghai Party Department in Shanghai at the behest of the Central Committee. 1At the end of 925, Mao Dun and Yun were elected as representatives of the Shanghai Party Department of the left-wing Kuomintang and went to Guangzhou to attend the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang. After the meeting, I stayed in Guangzhou as a secretary in the Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee and a contemporary minister in Mao Zedong. 1In March, 926, Mao Dun returned to Shanghai after the "Zhongshan Ship Incident".

1At the end of 926, the Northern Expeditionary Army occupied Wuhan and established the National Government. When Mao Dun arrived in Wuhan, he first worked as an instructor at Wuhan Branch of the Central Military and Political School. /kloc-in the spring of 0/927, he became the editor-in-chief of the Republic of China Daily in Hankou. From April to July, he wrote more than 30 editorials and comments for the magazine. In July, Wang Jingwei organized a * * * meeting and openly rebelled. Mao Dun left Wuhan to prepare for the Nanchang Uprising. After arriving in Jiujiang, he returned to Shanghai via Guling because the road was blocked. At this time, he was wanted by the Kuomintang reactionaries. Since then, he started writing and other literary activities under the pseudonym of Mao Dun.

1September, 927, published Disillusionment;1June, 928, successively completed the creation of Shake and Chasing, namely the trilogy of Eclipse. In July of the same year, he left Shanghai for Japan, first living in Tokyo and then moving to Kyoto. During his stay in Japan, he wrote the novel Rainbow (unfinished) and some short stories and prose poems. And other works such as Miscellaneous Myths, General Theory of Western Literature, Nordic Myth ABC, and China Myth Research ABC; From Guling to Tokyo, I read papers by Ni Huanzhi and others.

1930 In April, Mao Dun returned to Shanghai from Japan. Soon, he joined the Chinese Left-wing Writers' Union and once served as the executive secretary of the "Left-wing Union". Since then, Mao Dun and Lu Xun have been together, engaged in revolutionary literary and artistic activities and social struggles. 193 1 year, in order to protest against the bloody massacre policy of the Kuomintang reactionaries, Lu Xun and Mao Dun published the Declaration on Slaughtering a Large Number of Revolutionary Writers for the Kuomintang. 1February, 932, published the Book of Shanghai Literary and Art Circles and the Declaration of the Japanese Army Attacking Shanghai and Slaughtering People to the world. In May, the news of the murder of Japanese revolutionary writer Kobayashi Takiji came, and eight writers, including Lu Xun and Mao Dun, initiated "fundraising for Kobayashi's survivors who died suddenly"; In July, he called the Nanjing government to ask for the rescue of the imprisoned Niulan couple from the International Federation of Trade Unions.

1September, 934, Mao Dun helped Lu Xun to establish Translation magazine, which opened up a new way to improve literary translation. 1936 In February, after learning that the Red Army had successfully arrived in northern Shaanxi, Lu Xun and Mao Dun sent a congratulatory message to the Central Committee: "The future of mankind and China depends on you." In the same year, in June 5438+10, Mao Dun and many literary and art workers published the Declaration on Freedom of Speech in Literary and Art Circles and Freedom of Speech for Unity, calling for the establishment of an anti-Japanese national united front in the literary and art circles.

From 1927 to 1937, Mao Dun's creation was mature and fruitful. During this period, I finished the novella Road, Three Sides and the novel Midnight. Midnight is a novel that describes the social features of China on a large scale. Its publication shows the achievements of left-wing literature and is a milestone in the historical development of new literature since the May 4th Movement. Qu Qiubai commented, "This is China's first successful realistic novel" (Midnight and the Year of Chinese Goods). At the same time, he also completed the creation of excellent short stories such as Lin Jiapu, Spring Silkworm, Autumn Harvest and Dong Can. Translated the Diploma by Dan Qin Ke and the War by tikhonov; In addition, a large number of essays, literary essays and monographs on writers' studies have been published in such journals as Shen Bao Free Talk, Taibai and Literature.

1937 at the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, he joined the work of Wang Jiu Daily and edited Scream (later renamed Beacon). After the fall of Shanghai, Mao Dun moved to Changsha, Wuhan, Hong Kong and Guangzhou. 1938 In March, the All-China Anti-Enemy Association of Literary and Art Circles was established in Hankou, and Mao Dun was elected as a director. In April, Literary Position, edited by him, was founded in Guangzhou. At the same time, Lin Yan, a supplement edited by Li Bao, was reissued in Hong Kong. The novel The Story of the First Stage (formerly known as Where Are You Running? "), is completed at this time. In February 65438, at the invitation of Du Zhongyuan, he went to Dihua (now Urumqi) in Xinjiang via Haiphong and Kunming.

1939 arrived in Xinjiang in March. Teaching in Xinjiang University. In April, Xinjiang Cultural Association was established, and Mao Dun was elected chairman. In A.D. 1940, Sheng Cai, the ruler of Xinjiang, became more and more reactionary. Mao Dun was forced to leave Xinjiang at the end of April, passing through Lanzhou and Xi 'an, and arrived in Yan 'an at the end of May. During his stay in Yan 'an, he gave lectures at Lu Xun College of Literature and Art and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Cultural Association. He has published many articles in magazines such as China Culture and Popular Literature. From June+10 in 5438, he arrived in Chongqing from Yan 'an and served as the Standing Committee of the Cultural Work Committee chaired by Guo Moruo. At this time, the creation of excellent prose "Landscape Talk" and "Praise of Poplar" was completed one after another. 194 1 After the "Southern Anhui Incident", the political countercurrent in the Kuomintang-controlled areas became increasingly serious, and a large number of progressive cultural figures such as Mao Dun left Chongqing for Hong Kong. In May, the magazine "Popular Life" hosted by Zou Taofen was founded, with Mao Dun as the editorial board member; And serialized the novel "Corrosion" in this magazine, which is another masterpiece of Mao Dun. Editor-in-chief of "Bi Tan" in September, 7 issues. In February 65438, the Pacific War broke out, and soon the Japanese army occupied Hong Kong. With the help of Dongjiang guerrillas led by China Production Party, Mao Dun and others left Hong Kong for Guilin. During my nine months in Guilin, I wrote such long works as Frost Leaves as Red as February Flowers and The Remains of Robbery. 1942 End the trip to Chongqing. Since August 1943, the long "Going to the Post" has been published one after another (unfinished); 1945 The creation of the first drama "Before and After Qingming Festival" was completed, and it was staged in Chongqing in September. In June this year, the progressive literary and art circles held a celebration to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Mao Dun's creative activities, and launched an essay for Mao Dun's literary prize.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Mao Dun left Chongqing on March 1946, passing through Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and arrived in Shanghai in May. Editor-in-chief of Literary Federation magazine; Participate in activities calling for peace and fighting for democracy. During his stay in Hong Kong, he delivered speeches such as "taking a peaceful and democratic route" and "recognizing the national conditions clearly". In June, he and the progressives in Shanghai's cultural circles called for peace and published a letter to President Jiang, Marshall and all political parties. In July, after Li Gongpu and Wen Yiduo were killed by Kuomintang agents, Mao Dun and others called on the International Association for the Protection of Human Rights to expose the crimes of the Kuomintang. On June+10, 5438, Shen Junru and Mao Dun published articles such as "We ask the government to effectively guarantee freedom of speech". In the same year, the translated collections of Soviet novels, The People Are Immortal, The Son of the Communist Youth League and The Short Stories of the Soviet Patriotic War were published. At the end of the same year, Mao Dun and his wife left Shanghai for a visit to the Soviet Union at the invitation of the Soviet Foreign Cultural Association. Diary of Yousu was published in June 1947. In April, he returned to Shanghai from the Soviet Union. During this visit, I wrote two books, Interview with the Soviet Union and Miscellaneous Talks about the Soviet Union. At this time, the Kuomintang reactionaries launched a civil war and practiced fascist rule more cruelly. Mao Dun was forced to go to Hong Kong again at the end of 1947.

1948 in may, Mao dun and others published a letter to colleagues in domestic culture. In June, Mao Dun and patriots from all walks of life in Hong Kong jointly responded to the Central Committee's "May 1" call, calling on compatriots at home and abroad to unite and promote the early convening of the new political consultative conference. In July, he participated in the editing of Novel Monthly, and in September, he was appointed as the editor-in-chief of Wen Wei Po Literature Weekly, which was reissued in Hong Kong. The novel Exercise is serialized in this magazine. Besides writing some short stories, I also finished the Miscellaneous Stories of Escaping from Danger. At the end of the same year, at the invitation of China's * * * production party, Mao Dun and his wife left Hong Kong, passed through Dalian and Shenyang, and arrived in Beiping after the peaceful liberation of/kloc-0 in February, 949, to participate in the preparations for the China People's Political Consultative Conference. In July, Mao Dun attended the Congress of Literary and Art Workers in China, and made a report on "Literature and Art in Kuomintang-controlled Areas Struggling under the Repression of Reactionaries" at the meeting. At the meeting, he was elected as the vice chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and the chairman of the Chinese Writers Association (later renamed the Chinese Writers Association).

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Mao Dun served as the Minister of Culture of the Central People's Government, the editor-in-chief of People's Literature magazine, and was elected as a deputy to the previous National People's Congress, a member of the Standing Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and a vice-chairman of the fourth and fifth National Committees. In the severe test of the "Cultural Revolution", Mao Dun always stood on the side of the Party and the revolutionary people. After smashing Jiang Qing's counter-revolutionary group, he was elected honorary chairman of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and chairman of the Chinese Writers' Association at the Fourth Congress of Literary and Art Workers in China. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mao Dun's works include Advocacy Collection, Advocacy Sequel, Reading My Accidental Collection at Night, About History and Historical Drama, and Mao Dun's Poems (including the part before the founding of the People's Republic of China). In his later years, he was ill and still devoted to writing his memoirs.

Mao Dun's works have been published by People's Literature Publishing House and other publishing houses, including: Collection of Mao Dun's Works 10 Volume Collection, Miscellaneous Notes on Escaping from Danger, On Mao Dun's Creation, Essays on Mao Dun's Literature and Art, Essays on Mao Dun's Literary Criticism, Selected Works of Mao Dun's Translation, Miscellaneous Notes on World Literary Masterpieces, Mythology and Memoirs. The 40-volume Complete Works of Mao Dun published by People's Literature Publishing House since 1983 contains all his literary works.

1981On March 27th, Mao Dun died in Beijing. Before he died, he earnestly proposed to the party: "If Meng Zhui thinks China is glorious and produces a party member, it will be the greatest honor in my life." According to Mao Dun's request and his life's performance, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to resume his qualification as party member of China * * * Producer Party, with a party age of 192 1 year. He used his savings to set up a literary prize (later named "Mao Dun Literature Award") to reward outstanding novel creation.