Henrik Ibsen
1850, Ibsen went to Kristiania (present-day Oslo) to take the entrance examination for medical universities, but he was not admitted because of his poor performance in Greek, mathematics and Latin. Encouraged by the torrent of bourgeois revolution sweeping across Europe, Ibsen made some friends with progressive ideological tendencies in the literary and art circles, actively wrote articles for the workers' association and other publications, participated in the workers' movement led by Norwegian socialist Malcus Tran, and published the satirical weekly Andrimana in cooperation with two friends. He also wrote a set of sonnets entitled "Wake Up, Scandinavians", calling on Norway and Sweden to send troops to support Denmark and fight against the Prussian invaders. In his first historical drama, Katrina (1850), he turned over an old case and turned a "traitor" in Roman history into an outstanding figure fighting for civil liberties. The script not only embodies the revolution of 1848, but also shows his personal rebellious spirit. This play was published by a friend of his. 185 1 autumn, he wrote a prelude for Bergen theatre, which was praised by ole bull, the founder and famous violinist of the theatre. He was hired as a boarding playwright and director and agreed to write a new play every year. 1852, he was sent to Denmark and Germany to visit the theater. His plays in Bergen Theatre include A Midsummer Night (1853), Tomb of the Warriors (1854), Madame Inge of Esterro (1855) and Banquet of Solhaug (1856). During this period, Ibsen participated in no less than 145 scripts. His practical experience in drama creation can be compared with Shakespeare and Moliere.
From 65438 to 0857, Ibsen was transferred to the Capital Theatre as a director. Married susana torre Sen the following year. 1862, the theater closed down, and he had to borrow money to live, but he still worked tirelessly. In this theater, he successively wrote The Pirates of Hellgren (1858), Romantic Comedy (1862) and The Man Who Wants the Throne (1863). He felt sad that romantic comedies that advocated free love and opposed old-fashioned marriage were viciously attacked by social conservative forces. At the same time, the war between Denmark and Prussia in 1864 made him worry about the independent future of the whole peninsula. So he decided to travel abroad. This year, he left Norway for Italy; Living in a foreign land, suffering from malaria, and tired of his family, he was heavily in debt and his life was extremely embarrassing. With despair, he wrote a poetic drama brand (1866), which was his first creative achievement when he lived abroad. Later, he wrote Bill International (an old translation by Bill Gunter, 1867). Both of these plays show the theme of "personal spiritual rebellion". Through Brand, he condemned the ugly reality of capitalist society, denounced religious morality, and put forward his own moral ideal, angrily advocated spiritual extreme individualism, showing an uncompromising spirit: "Get everything or nothing."
1864 Ibsen lived in Rome, Dresden and Munich for 27 years. 1873, he wrote The Emperor and Galileans, in which he put forward the concept of "the third realm" to communicate emotion and spirit.
1874 and 1885, he went back to Norway twice for a short stay.
A doll's house (1879), and also translated Nora or puppet family.
Henrik Ibsen
The heroine Nora forged her father's signature to lend money to her husband Haier Mao for treatment. When the husband knew what had happened, he was afraid that his reputation would be affected and angered his wife for being shameless. When the creditor voluntarily returned the IOUs under the influence of Nora's girlfriend, Haier Mao smiled at his wife. Nora saw through her husband's selfishness and the inequality between husband and wife, unwilling to be her husband's doll, and ran away angrily.
Engels once pointed out that Nora was the representative of "Norwegian petty-bourgeois women" with free will and independent spirit. The script puts forward some problems in capitalist society, such as ethics, law and religion, women's liberation, etc., but they are not and cannot be solved. After the performance of A Doll's House, it caused a fierce response. Nora's resolute attitude of liberating her personality and not being a "good wife and mother" was criticized and accused by the upper class. However, in the face of criticism, Ibsen did not flinch. He continued to create problem dramas to expose social problems.
189 1 year, Ibsen returned to the motherland as a famous writer. His later works, The Architect (1892) and When We Wake Up After Death (1899), are autobiographical works. 1900 Chinese stroke. He died on1May 23, 906 after a long illness. The Norwegian parliament and people from all walks of life held a state funeral for him.
Major achievements
Henrik Ibsen
Henrik Ibsen
Ibsen is an outstanding representative of modern realistic drama in Europe. His outstanding contribution is to hold high the banner of realism and democracy and create a doubtful thought in the era of the decline of European realistic drama and the rampant naturalism and decadent literature. A type of "social drama" with the basic artistic characteristics of debating dialogue and reviewing skills. His creative practice and social influence can also be compared with Shakespeare, Moliere and other drama masters. He wrote 25 plays in different styles. According to his ideological development, it can be divided into three stages: in 1950s and 1960s, he mainly wrote romantic historical dramas full of patriotic passion and personal "spiritual rebellion"; In the 1970s and 1980s, he mainly wrote "social dramas" that criticized social ugliness and advocated individual liberation. After 1980s, he mainly created exploration dramas with mysterious and symbolic spirit.
Ibsen's works were translated into China from 1907. It has been playing an active role in China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle or socialist revolution and socialist construction.