Compulsory three important geographical knowledge points 1
Influence of geographical environment on regional development
The meaning of 1. area
⑴ Concept: Region is the spatial unit of the earth's surface, which is divided by people according to certain indicators and methods on the basis of geographical differences. . This area is not only an integral part of the superior area, but also can be further divided into subordinate areas.
⑵ Characteristics: It has certain location characteristics and a certain area, and its internal specific attributes are relatively consistent (hierarchical; Difference; Sacred)
Second, the influence of geographical differences on regional development.
1. Overall impact: it affects people's production and life characteristics, regional development level and development direction.
2. Similarities and differences between Yangtze River Delta and Songnen Plain
Tong: They are all plain areas, located in the monsoon region of eastern China.
Differences: (1) Differences in geographical environment:
Geographical differences: it is located near 30 degrees north latitude, in the middle of the eastern coast of China, at the mouth of the Yangtze River; Songnen Plain is located at 43-48 degrees north latitude, in the middle of northeast China.
② Differences in climatic conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with high temperature and rainy summer, with rain and heat at the same time; Songnen Plain is located in temperate monsoon climate zone, slightly continental, with less precipitation, short warm season and short growth period, and the combination of water and heat conditions is not as good as that of Yangtze River Delta.
③ Differences in land conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is dominated by paddy soil, and the cultivated land is mostly paddy fields, which are scattered, and the per capita cultivated land area is lower than the national average; The black soil in Songnen Plain is widely distributed, and the cultivated land is mostly dry land, concentrated and contiguous, and the per capita cultivated land area is higher than the national average.
④ Differences in mineral resources conditions: the Yangtze River Delta is poor in mineral resources, and the Songnen Plain is rich in oil and other minerals.
(2) The influence of geographical environment on agriculture and commerce.
① For agriculture: on the basis of good hydrothermal conditions, the Yangtze River Delta develops paddy agriculture, mainly planting rice, with two or three crops a year; Limited by hydrothermal conditions, the Songnen Plain develops dry land agriculture, mainly planting wheat, which is harvested once a year.
The rivers and lakes in the Yangtze River Delta have vast water surfaces and developed aquaculture. The western Songnen Plain is suitable for the development of animal husbandry because of its low precipitation and wide grassland distribution.
(2) For industry and commerce, the Yangtze River Delta is located in the center of China coastal routes and the gateway of the Yangtze River to the sea, with convenient internal and external contacts and developed commercial trade; Relying on the developed local agricultural foundation to develop light industry and importing mineral resources from home and abroad to develop heavy industry has become an important comprehensive industrial base in China. Songnen Plain has developed its industry by using abundant local resources such as coal, iron and oil, and has become a heavy chemical industry base in China.
Third, the influence of geographical environment in different stages of regional development.
1. The influence of regional geographical environment on human activities is not fixed, but changes with the changes of social, economic and technological factors.
Compulsory three important geographical knowledge points 2
Desertification Control —— A Case Study of Northwest China
1. Overview of Northwest China
(1) Location: Located in the west of Daxinganling, north of Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain-Ancient Great Wall; In terms of administrative divisions, it includes Xinjiang, Ningxia, northern Gansu and most of Inner Mongolia.
⑵ Topographic features: the eastern part is a vast plateau, and the western mountains and basins are alternately distributed.
⑶ Main landscape: Drought is the most obvious natural feature. Form a grassland and desert landscape.
⑷ Internal differences: Helan Mountain is the boundary, the eastern part is a semi-arid grassland belt, and the western part is an arid and extremely arid area.
2. Desertification
⑴ Concept: Land degradation in arid, semi-arid and partially semi-humid areas.
⑵ Performance: Land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization caused by the degradation of cultivated land, grassland and forest land. The northwest region is the most prominent.
(3) reasons:
Natural factors: ① dry climate, more Gobi desert; ② Sparse vegetation and sandy sediments; ③ windy days are frequent and concentrated.
Human factors:
① The root cause: the pressure of population explosion on the environment; Improper human activities and unreasonable utilization of resources.
② Direct causes: excessive firewood collection, overgrazing, excessive reclamation, unreasonable utilization of water resources, and neglect of environmental protection in industrial and mining traffic construction.
3. Countermeasures and measures for desertification control
(1) Contents: ① Preventing the threat of potential desertification; (2) Reversing the degradation trend of desertification land; ③ Restoring the productivity of desertified land.
⑵ Principle: Combine maintaining ecological balance with improving economic benefits, and combine mountain management, water control, alkali control and sand control. Focus: Harness the areas that have been invaded by sand dunes and seriously endangered by sandstorms.
⑶ Measures: ① Rational utilization of water resources; (2) Construction of shelter forest system through biological and engineering measures; ③ Adjustment of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry; (4) Comprehensive measures to solve energy problems in agricultural and pastoral areas in multiple ways; ⑤ Control population growth.
Compulsory three important geographical knowledge points 3
Development and Protection of Forests —— Taking Amazon Rainforest as an Example
1. Forest resources status
⑴ Attribute: It is both a natural resource and an environmental resource.
⑵ Functions: regulating climate, conserving water, preventing wind and fixing sand, conserving soil and water, smoking and removing dust, purifying air, beautifying environment, etc.
⑶ Forest distribution: Subhard coniferous forest and tropical rain forest area. Because the land is vast and sparsely populated, the natural conditions are harsh, or because it is inaccessible and developed late, it is protected from large-scale destruction. Amazon rainforest is the largest and relatively well-preserved virgin forest in the world.
2. Tropical rain forest
⑴ Distribution: Tropical rainforests are mainly distributed on the north and south sides of the equator, but they can extend to the north and south latitudes 15-25 degrees in the windward zone of the mainland. It is concentrated in Southeast Asia, Congo River Basin in Africa and Amazon River Basin in South America.
⑵ Global environmental effects of rainforests: ① Lung of the earth: It profoundly affects the balance of carbon and oxygen in the earth's atmosphere. ② The reservoir of the earth: promoting the global water cycle and regulating the global water balance ③ The treasure house of biological genes in the world: In the history of biological evolution, the rainforest has become the place with the most breeding species and the longest preservation time on the earth.
(3) Rainforest Ecology
Advantages: high temperature and rainy all year round, strong photosynthesis, vigorous biological circulation and rapid biological growth.
(2) Vulnerability: Almost all the nutrients needed for rainforest growth are stored in plants on the ground.
(4) the destruction of tropical rain forests
① Root causes: population growth, poverty and the resulting development needs in local developing countries. ② Direct cause: human development.
5. Development of Tropical Rainforest (Amazon Development Plan)
(1) Before the 1950s: the lifestyle was backward and underdeveloped, which didn't have much influence.
(2) The population has increased rapidly, and the rainforest has been destroyed unprecedentedly.
(3)1970, the Brazilian government officially announced the famous plan for the development of the Amazon basin: building a trans-Amazon highway, immigrating to the Amazon plain, and encouraging multinational enterprises to invest and develop.
[6] Protecting the Rainforest: Under the current background, facing the grim situation that the rainforest is being devastated, we should put
Protection comes first. (1) Encourage protective development, such as rainforest sightseeing; (2) Strengthen environmental education and raise citizens' awareness of environmental protection; ③ Combination of selective cutting and reforestation; ④ Strengthening the construction of forest buffer zone.
Compulsory three important geographical knowledge points 4
Comprehensive Development of Rivers: A Case Study of Tennessee Valley in the United States
1. Natural background of river basin development
(1) Importance: It determines the utilization mode of rivers and the development direction of river basins.
⑵ River profile: The second tributary of the Mississippi River originates from the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains and flows into the Ohio River in Kentucky.
⑶ Attach importance to development: ① Mountain: the birthplace of rivers, and protect vegetation ecology; (2) Valley Plain: the area where human activities are concentrated, which is the focus of ecological environment protection; ③ River: the main part of development and utilization in the basin, with emphasis on rational allocation of water resources and water quality protection.
⑷ The natural background of Tennessee Valley development: ① Topography: mountainous, undulating, rich in hydraulic resources, and the navigation function of the river is very prominent; ② Climate: warm and humid with abundant precipitation, with more precipitation in late winter and early spring and less precipitation in summer and autumn; (3) Water system: numerous tributaries, abundant water, large river drop and unstable water; ④ Minerals: rich in coal, iron and copper.
2. Early development of river basin and its consequences
(1)1the second half of the eighth century: agriculture is developed, population is small, and it has little impact on the natural environment.
(2)1late 9th century: the population increased sharply and the land was degraded due to predatory exploitation of resources; Vegetation destruction; Environmental pollution and other ecological and social problems.
(3) In the early 1930s, Tennessee Valley became one of the poorest areas in the United States.
3. Comprehensive development of river basins
(1) The core of development: the cascade development of rivers.
(2) Development projects: flood control, shipping, power generation, tourism, water supply, aquaculture, etc.
⑶ Effect: The flood was eradicated, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, industry and tourism developed rapidly, the ecological environment was improved, and the economic, social and ecological benefits were unified.
(4) The reasons for the formation of "industrial corridors" on both sides of the Tennessee River: large-scale hydropower and nuclear power make the Tennessee River basin the largest power supply base in China; Develop energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum smelting and chemical industry.
Compulsory three important geographical knowledge points 5
Development of Energy Resources —— Taking Shanxi Province as an Example
1. energy classification
(1) Renewable energy (such as hydropower, wind energy, biomass energy, tidal energy and solar energy); Non-renewable energy (such as coal, oil, natural gas and other mineral energy and nuclear energy).
2. Development conditions of coal resources in Shanxi Province
① Rich coal resources, good mining conditions, abundant reserves, wide distribution range, complete coal types and excellent coal quality.
② Broad market: First, China's demand for energy has further increased; Second, the coal-based energy structure will not change for a long time.
③ Moderate location: short coal transportation and transmission distance.
(4) Convenient transportation: The three coal transportation railways in North China, South China and Central China are Daqin Line, Huang Shen Line and Jiaoantenna respectively.
3. Construction of energy base:
(1) Challenge: (1) Less per capita resources; ② Low per capita energy consumption; ③ High energy consumption per unit output value; ④ Energy consumption structure dominated by coal; ⑤ Energy security is threatened.
⑵ Take measures: ① Expand coal mining; (2) To improve Shanxi's coal transportation capacity, mainly by railways, supplemented by highways; ③ Strengthen the conversion of coal processing: first, build a pit-mouth power station and change coal transportation into power transmission; The second is to develop the coking industry.
4. Comprehensive utilization of energy
⑴ Reasons for change: single industrial structure, low economic benefits and serious ecological and environmental problems.
⑵ Transformation mode: Combine the advantages of iron ore, bauxite and other resources to build three industrial chains of coal, electricity and aluminum.
Coking of coal, iron, steel and coal.
(3) Achievements of comprehensive utilization of energy: ① Shanxi's industrial structure has changed from a single structure dominated by coal mining to a diversified structure dominated by energy, metallurgy, chemicals and building materials; (2) The raw material industry gradually surpasses the mining industry and occupies a dominant position; ③ Upgrading of industrial structure.
5. Environmental protection and governance
⑴ Improve coal utilization technology: promote the development of clean energy industry represented by clean coal.
⑵ Adjusting the industrial structure: The industrial structure dominated by heavy chemical industry is the root of ecological and environmental problems. ① Adjust the original heavy chemical industry to make products develop in the direction of deep processing and high added value; ② Vigorously develop agriculture, textile industry, high-tech industry and tourism.
⑶ Treatment of "three wastes": ① Waste residue: recycling; (2) Waste gas: eliminate smoke and dust and create a windbreak belt; ③ Waste water: precipitation and purification.
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