Newton, Archimedes, Gauss and Euler are called Newton's three laws of motion. Newton's first law of motion is the law of inertia, which simply means "unless an external force is applied, an object that remains stationary will remain stationary forever;" An object moving in a straight line at the same speed will always keep running. The second law, F=ma, is simply that "when an object is subjected to an external force, it will move at a faster speed in the direction of this force. The greater the force, the faster the speed." The third law points out that "every force exerted on an object will simultaneously produce a reaction force of equal magnitude and opposite direction". This law is also called "action and reaction". Another great discovery of Newton was the discovery of gravity. In fact, the concept of gravity has long been discovered and put forward. Some contemporary scientists of Newton tried to prove the existence of gravity, but only Newton applied the mathematical principle. It is proved that gravity is applicable to all objects, and the gravity on the earth is the same as that between objects. After Newton's gravity, scientists can easily explain precession, parallax, tides, the shape of the earth and the movement of comets, and even calculate the existence of Neptune. Before Newton left Cambridge, optics began to be interested in the original texture of white light and carried out experiments because of making telescopes. He used a glass prism to divide sunlight into seven colors of rainbows, and then used another prism to restore it to white light; Light is a mixture of many colors, and there is dispersion phenomenon. The lens of the telescope has not been corrected for chromatic aberration, which makes the edge of the image have color. For this reason, Newton thought that the refractive telescope could not be achromatic, so in 167 1, he made the first reflective telescope with a diameter of only 2.5 cm and exhibited it at the Royal Society of London. Because of this important discovery, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society at 1672. 1704, he published a book entitled "Born in Syracuse, Sicily in about 287 BC, died in the same place in 2 12 BC. Archimedes studied with Euclid's students in Alexandria, the cultural center at that time. There is no detailed record about his life, but many stories about him are widely circulated. He established the law of leverage and said, "Give me a fulcrum and I can move the earth"; Archimedes principle, the basic principle of hydrostatics, was discovered and used to identify crowns. Many war machines were designed to resist the enemy's attack ... Later generations spoke highly of Archimedes, and often called him the greatest mathematician of all time with Newton and Gauss. Gauss is a German mathematician, astronomer and physicist. He is regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians in history, as well as Archimedes and Newton. Gauss 1977 was born in a craftsman's family in Brunswick on April 30th, and 1955 died in G? ttingen on February 23rd. When I was a child, my family was poor, but I was extremely smart. I was educated by a noble. From 1795 to 1798, I studied at the University of G? ttingen, and 1798 transferred to Helmstadter University. The following year, he received his doctorate for proving the basic theorem of algebra. From 1807, he served as a professor at the University of G? ttingen and director of the G? ttingen Observatory until his death. Gauss's achievements cover all fields of mathematics, and he has made pioneering contributions in number theory, non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, hypergeometric series, complex variable function theory, elliptic function theory and so on. He attached great importance to the application of mathematics, and emphasized the use of mathematical methods in the research of astronomy, geodesy and magnetism. Leonhard euler 1707- 1783 Swiss 1707 was born in Basel, Switzerland in April. His father, a country priest, likes mathematics very much and often tells some interesting mathematical stories to Euler, which makes Euler have a strong interest in mathematics very early. 161016166 Euler was admitted to university of basel, the youngest student in the school, and soon became a proud pupil of john pohl's diligent professor. But Euler's father didn't want his son to study mathematics, and wanted to transfer Euler to the theology department so that he could easily find a decent job after graduation. Therefore, john pohl, the most famous Swiss mathematician at that time, worked hard and personally came to persuade Euler's father. Finally, Euler's father changed his mind. From then on, under the guidance of john pohl's efforts, Euler firmly embarked on the road of devoting himself to mathematics. Euler not only tirelessly explored various fields of mathematics, but also hard to enumerate Euler's contributions even in the most detailed history of mathematics. Some people call the formula invented by Euler: e e^ix =cos x+isin x one of the most outstanding formulas in mathematics. Because when x =p (pi), this formula becomes EI P+ 1 = 0, which closely connects the five most important numbers in mathematics: 1, 0, I, P, E. Euler is a mathematician with noble character. He has communicated with more than 300 scholars in Europe. In his letters, he often tells others his findings and inferences without reservation. 19-year-old French youth Lagrange took the liberty to write to Euler to discuss the solution to the isoperimetric problem. Euler thought about this problem for a long time. When he found that the young man's thinking was very distinctive, he immediately wrote back with enthusiasm and encouragement, temporarily suppressing his own works in this field. What is particularly touching is that Euler has more than 400 papers and many mathematical works. It was completed at the end of 17, when he was completely blind. As early as 1735, due to overwork, Euler fell ill, leading to blindness in his right eye. 1766 left eye blindness. Euler silently endured the pain of blindness, worked hard with amazing perseverance, and determined to shine others' in-depth exploration with his shining mathematical thought. Published a series of high-level scientific papers and works to the world, and also solved some mathematical problems. A fire in 177 1 year reduced Euler's stacks and a large number of research results to ashes, and did not shake the determination of this mathematical giant at all. Euler is also an enthusiastic educator. He not only personally writes mathematics textbooks and popular science books for teenagers, but also often finds time to go to college. 1770, Euler was blind. Remember to write a comprehensive guide to algebra for students. Euler lived in Russia for more than 30 years. He actively introduced advanced scientific knowledge into Russia, which was closed and backward for a long time, and founded the first mathematics school in Russia-Euler School. I personally introduced a large number of Russian youth into the glorious mathematics hall. The Russian people are still deeply grateful for Euler's beautiful friendship. In many Soviet books, Euler is affectionately called "the great Russian mathematician". 1783 One afternoon in September, Euler invited a friend to dinner to celebrate his successful calculation of the law of balloon rise, just after Uranus was discovered. Euler wrote the essentials of calculating Uranus' orbit, which made his grandson laugh. After drinking tea, he suddenly got sick, his chest was bleeding, and his pipe fell out of his hand, muttering, "I'm dead." Euler finally stopped his life and calculation. Second, his contribution and position in the history of mathematics: 1. Although he didn't create mathematics like Descartes, Newton and Cauchy. Linking all kinds of mathematical fields together, so many new mathematical achievements have been obtained. Mathematics named after Euler includes euler theorem, Euler function, Euler number, Euler line, Euler angle, Euler figure, Euler substitution and so on. 2. In the history of mathematics, people call it1the "Euler era" in the 8th century. He, Archimedes, Newton and Gauss rank as the four great mathematicians.