Detailed information of Mesopotamia plain

Mesopotamia (Greek, meaning "between the two rivers") is an alluvial plain, located between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River (now Iraq), so it is also called the two-river basin. This land was once the birthplace of some civilizations and was conquered by other civilizations, including the Soviet Union, Babylon, Assyria, Akkad, Egypt, Hittites and Elam.

These civilizations all originated from the early culture that knew how to farm.

Neolithic settlements, such as Jarmo and Tell Abu Hureyra.

Hassouna period

Khalaf period

Samara period, such as Gioga ·Mami.

Ubaid period, such as Eridu.

During the Uruk period, it was named after Uruk City.

Early Sumerian dynasty

Cities and residences in this area during this period include:

Lagache (lagache)

Nipple (nipple)

Sumerians who lived in the lower reaches of the two rivers were the first people to invent writing in the world. They used reed pens to press words on the clay tablets, so the words were thick at one end and thin at the other. Historians call them cuneiform or nail script. They have been quoted by various nationalities in the Middle East and have been popular for thousands of years. They used to be the official scripts of Persian Empire and Zoroastrianism, which were adopted by Phoenicians and combined with ancient Egyptian scripts to create Phoenician letters.

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Ancient Mesopotamia

The Mesopotamian civilization (also known as Mesopotamian civilization or two-river basin civilization) refers to the civilization developed in the fertile crescent zone between the two rivers (Mesopotamian plain between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River), which is the earliest civilization in West Asia. In ancient times, this area was inhabited by many races. It was an arid area, but the downstream land was fertile and the irrigation network was developed very early, forming an agricultural society centered on many cities. The center of this civilization is around Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. Assyria was called Babylonia in the north and Babylonia in the south in ancient times. Babylonia is called Akkad in the north and Sumer in the south.

The two river basins are the regions with the earliest cultural development in the world. They invented the first script (cuneiform) for the world, built the first city, compiled the first law, invented the first pottery wheel to make pottery, formulated the first seven-day cycle, and expounded the myth that God created the world and the seven-day flood for the first time. Up to now, a large number of ancient written materials (clay tablets) have been left for the world.

[Edit] History

The earliest creators of the two rivers civilization were Sumerians in the eastern mountainous areas about 4000 years ago. They made pottery and invented writing. According to archaeological data, they are in the stage of disintegration of primitive society. 3000 years ago, Sumerians established the city-state. It was destroyed by Akkadian Kingdom in the 24th century.

The founder of Akkad Kingdom is sargon. When its national strength is strong, its borders extend to Iran in the west and Syria and Asia Minor in the west. The first 2 19 1 year was destroyed. Sumerians revived, unified Sumerians and Akkadians, and established the third Ur dynasty, which was destroyed by Elam and Amorites in 2006. The Amorites established the Babylonian city-state in 1894.

Babylon began to be weak, and gradually became strong when the sixth generation king Hammurabi unified the two river basins, established the kingdom of Babylon, and promulgated the code of hammurabi. Destroyed by Hittite in 1595.

Then the country that ruled the two river basins was the Assyrian Empire. By the 7th century, the Assyrian Empire covered all the two major river basins, namely Syria, Palestine and Egypt, and reached its peak during the reign of Ashabani, entering the Iron Age. Destroyed by the Chaldeans in 605 BC.

In 626 BC, the Chaldeans established their country in Babylon, called the New Kingdom of Babylon or the Kingdom of Chaldeans. When Nebuchadnezzar II occupied Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine, destroyed the kingdom of Judah, and captured Babylon, the national strength reached its peak. A hanging garden was built and the Marduk Temple was rebuilt. It was destroyed by the Persian Empire in 538 BC.

[edit] culture

Sumerians invented cuneiform writing, which was used by many countries in the two river basins. The story of the great flood in Sumerian mythology was later included by Jews in Genesis, the story of Noah's Ark.

The calendar of the two rivers civilization is very distinctive. In Sumerian Akkadian times, the lunar calendar was made with 29 or 30 days per month, 12 months was 1 year (6 months with 29 days and 6 months with 30 days), and it was adjusted by setting leap months. At first, leap was set by experience, then there were 3 leap rules in 8 years and 10 leap rules in 27 years. In astronomy, stars can already be distinguished from the five planets, and the ecliptic has also been observed. Assyrian period defined the name of today's week and the rule of 7 days 1 week.

Mathematically, the two rivers civilization uses decimal system and sexagesimal. The circumference is 360 degrees, 1 day is 12 hours, 30 minutes per hour. The ancient Babylonians also mastered four kinds of operations: square, cube and the rules for finding square roots and cubic roots. You can also solve the equations of three unknowns. The pythagorean theorem of right triangle is obtained, and the pi is 3.

Crescent fertile soil or Fat Moon Bay refers to a series of fertile soil in the two river basins in the Middle East and its vicinity, including the Levant, Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. It is located in Israel, the West Bank, Lebanon, parts of Jordan, the southeast of Syria, Iraq and Turkey, and the northeast of Egypt. Because it looks like a crescent moon on the map, James Brested, an archaeologist at the University of Chicago in the United States, called this vast fertile land a "fertile crescent moon".

The three major rivers on the fertile crescent land-Jordan River, Euphrates River and Tigris River-have a drainage area of about 400,000 to 500,000 square kilometers and a current population of 40 million to 50 million. This land starts from the east coast of the Mediterranean in the west, including the Syrian desert, Jezira and Mesopotamia plain, and ends in the Persian Gulf in the east.

Jordan and the western region around the upper reaches of the Euphrates River were the earliest known agricultural settlements 1 1000 years ago. The earliest known settlements were in Ed-Dub (Jordan) and Tyre-Aswad (Syria) in Iraq, and Jericho soon followed. Those earliest cities and countries produced characters in eastern Mesopotamia ("between the two rivers" refers to the land between the Euphrates River and the lower reaches of the Tigris River).

Under the effect of irrigation, this land is very fertile, and people also rely on the food produced on this land for a living. There was a grain production base here before 7000 AD [1].

However, because the past irrigation projects were abandoned by the later urban construction, the fertile land of Crescent Moon has repeatedly experienced the process of recession and recovery for two thousand years. Another problem is that under the constant infiltration of salt water, irrigated farmland is constantly salinized.

Although rivers played a key role in the rise of the fertile land civilization, other factors also contributed to the richness of this area. Four of the five main domestic animals-cattle, goats, sheep and pigs-live in the fertile crescent, and another important domestic animal-horses-also lives in the nearby area. The fertile climate of the ancient crescent moon also promoted the evolution of many annual plants, which produced more edible seeds than perennial plants. The diversity of these plants also enabled early humans here to try planting experiments.

This river has always been a potential cause of political conflicts in this area. The Jordan River forms the border between Israel, Jordan and Palestine. A quarter of the Euphrates River is controlled by Turkey and Syria respectively, while Iraq controls the other downstream and its tributaries.

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Crescent fertile soil map

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Tigris River (? Dijla) is a famous river in the Middle East, which defines Mesopotamia with the Euphrates River in the west. Originating in the Anatolian mountains of Turkey, it flows through Iraq and finally joins the Euphrates River to form the Arabian River and flows into the Persian Gulf.

Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, is located on the west bank of the Tigris River.

[Editor] The Tigris River in the Bible

The Bible is the earliest document that mentions the Tigris River. The second chapter of Genesis mentions that this river is one of the four rivers that flow through the Garden of Eden. In the Bible, the Tigris River is translated into Hideki River according to its Hebrew name. The other three rivers are Bishun River, Jixun River and Euphrates River, that is, Euphrates River.

[Editor] The Tigris River in history

Five thousand years ago, the Tigris River and the Euphrates River were two separate rivers. Until about 3000 or 4000 years ago, the land was filled up because the sediment brought from the two river basins was continuously deposited in the Persian Gulf at the mouth of the river, and finally the lower reaches of the two rivers joined in southern Iraq.

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Tigris and Euphrates river basins

Water source in eastern Turkey

Estuary of Arabian River

It flows through Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran.

Length 1 0,900 km

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Tigris River flowing through Mosul, Iraq

Euphrates River-Tigris River

Assyrian studies

Sumer

Uruk-ur-Iridu