Gloag's Law:
Individual melanin of warm-blooded animals increases in warm regions, but it is mostly red, yellow and brown in arid regions, and gradually weakens in cold regions.
Justus von Liebig's law
Minimum factor rule: any specific factor below the minimum amount required by a certain organism is the fundamental factor that determines the survival and distribution of this organism.
19 18 Hopkins' biological climate law;
Other factors being the same, in the temperate zone of North America, the staged development of plants will be delayed by 4 days in spring and early summer respectively for every northward shift of latitude 1 and every eastward shift of longitude by 5 or an increase of about 122 meters. Late summer and early autumn, four days in advance, and so on.
Bergman's law
Begemann's law was put forward by Bergman. Its original definition is: "Under the same environmental conditions, all warm-blooded animals's heat per unit surface area is equal."
Allen's law
Allen's law is an ecological law. The specific content is that the prominent parts (limbs, ears, etc. ) in warm-blooded animals, the body surface tends to shorten, which is beneficial to prevent heat loss. As the picture shows, there are two kinds of foxes (please pay attention to the ears, the white is the arctic fox and the brown is the African fox). In warm-blooded animals living in tropical areas, the protruding part of their body surface is relatively long, which is beneficial to heat loss.
1, Hopkins law
The law of bioclimate put forward by Hopkins in 19 18: under the same conditions of other factors, the staged development of plants will be delayed by 4 days in spring and early summer every time the latitude moves northward 1 and the longitude moves eastward by 5 or rises by about 122 meters; Late summer and early autumn, four days in advance, and so on.
2. Georg's Law:
Individual melanin of warm-blooded animals increases in warm regions, but it is mostly red, yellow and brown in arid regions, and gradually weakens in cold regions.
3. Shelford's law of patience
The law of tolerance, also known as Shelford's law of tolerance, was put forward by American ecologist V.E. Shelford in 19 13. There is an ecological minimum and maximum limit for organisms to adapt to their living environment, and only between these two limits can organisms survive. This limit is called the tolerance range of organisms. The adaptation of organisms to the environment has the law of tolerance limit, which is called tolerance law. Specifically, it can be defined as: any environmental factor has a tolerance range for each organism, and this range has a maximum value and a minimum value. The function of an organism works near the best point or the best point, weakens when it approaches these two ends, and then is inhibited. This is the law of tolerance.
Shelford's law of patience
Among the many ecological factors needed for biological growth and reproduction, any ecological factor, too much or too little in quantity and insufficient in quality, will become the limiting factor. That is, for a specific organism, all kinds of ecological factors have a biological upper and lower limit (or "threshold"), and the range between them is the tolerance range (also called tolerance limit) of an ecological factor.
E. Odem (1973) and others added the following to the Tolerance Law:
(1) The same organism has different tolerance ranges to various ecological factors, with a wide tolerance range to one factor and a narrow tolerance range to another.
(2) Different species of organisms have different tolerance ranges for the same ecological factor. Biological species with wide tolerance to major ecological factors are also widely distributed. Only organisms with a wide range of tolerance to individual ecological factors may be restricted by other ecological factors, and their distribution may not be wide.
(3) The tolerance range of the same organism to ecological factors is different at different growth and development stages. Usually, the requirements for ecological conditions are the most stringent in the reproductive growth period, and the tolerance range of reproductive individuals, seeds, eggs, embryos, seedlings and larvae is generally narrower than that in the non-reproductive period. For example, in photoperiodic induction stage, the photoperiod is very strict, and there is no strict requirement for photoperiod in other development stages.
(4) Due to the interaction of ecological factors, when an ecological factor is not in a suitable state, the tolerance range of organisms to other ecological factors will be reduced.
(5) Different species within the same species, living in different ecological environment conditions for a long time, will form different tolerance ranges for multiple ecological factors, that is, ecological differentiation will occur.
Any organism has a certain tolerance range to various physical and chemical ecological factors in the natural environment, and the wider the tolerance range, the wider the adaptability. Accordingly, organisms can be roughly divided into broad adaptive organisms and narrow adaptive organisms.
4. Justus von Liebig's Law
Justus von Liebig's law of minimum factor was first pointed out by German chemist Justus von Liebig (1840) in his book Organic Chemistry and Its Application in Agriculture and Physiology: The yield of crops is generally not limited by abundant nutrients such as water and CO2 in the natural environment, but by elements (boron, iron, etc.). ) This is scarce in the soil. Based on this, his viewpoint that "the growth of plants depends on the minimum amount of nutrients" is called Justus von Liebig's law of minimum factor. In other words, basic essential substances vary from species to species and from situation to situation. In a stable situation, when the amount that can be used is close to the minimum amount required, it will play a limiting role and become a limiting factor.