If you want to master the essence and laws of things, you can't just rely on feelings, perceptions and appearances. You need to think on the basis of feeling and perception.
It is precisely because people have a brain that can carry out thinking activities that they can reveal the essence and laws of things, thus indirectly, universally and profoundly understanding the world.
People have mastered the physical and chemical properties of 63 elements in 2006. At that time, chemists were thinking, what is the relationship between the properties of elements? What is the inner nature between elements?
Chemist Mendeleev's work in this field is outstanding. He made 63 square cards from thick pieces of paper. The name, properties and atomic weight of the element are recorded on the card. Through repeated thinking, it is finally found that the properties of the element change periodically with the increase of atomic weight. This is the periodic law of elements discovered by Mendeleev. According to this rule, he arranged 63 kinds of elements he already knew in a table, which is called the periodic table of elements. He also left a vacancy in the table, predicted the properties of some unknown elements, and pointed out the error of the atomic weight of the elements that had been measured. With the development of science, later scientific facts confirmed Mendeleev's prediction.
Limited by the level of science and technology at that time, Mendeleev did not find that the fundamental reason for the periodic change of element properties was the increase of nuclear charge number (atomic number) of elements, or the periodic change of electron arrangement outside the nucleus. However, Mendeleev's great discovery opened the way for mankind to further reveal the relationship between the nature of elements and the material structure.
Mendeleev's understanding is that he does not stop at the understanding of a single element, but takes the whole (63 elements) of a certain kind of thing as the research object, so he grasps the essential characteristics of a certain kind of thing and discovers the inner essence between things. This kind of understanding can only be finally realized through brain thinking activities, otherwise it is difficult to grasp the essence and laws of things.
Mendeleev said in response to a reporter's question from Petersburg Tabloid: "I have been thinking about this question for about 20 years, but you think that sitting still and writing five kopecks (monetary units) one by one suddenly becomes. Not like this! " Thinking for 20 years shows the great role of hard thinking activities in exploring the laws of things.
Tycho brahe, a Danish scientist, spent 30 years accumulating a lot of observation data about planetary motion, but found no important laws. On the basis of Tycho's perceptual knowledge, his student Kepler of Germany finally discovered three theorems of planetary motion, and raised perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. What is the rise and leap of this understanding? It depends on hard thinking activities. Newton discovered the "law of gravity" from Kepler's three laws of gravity through thinking activities. Most people always think that Newton discovered this law by accident when he saw an apple fall to the ground. Therefore, he regarded the tree as a treasure, cut it into several sections after it fell down, and kept it properly. In fact, the discovery of the law of universal gravitation is the result of Newton's hard thinking in the process of years of observation and research. He said: "I have no way, but I have spent a long time thinking about some problems." "I have been thinking, thinking, thinking ..." Here, Newton revealed two secrets he invented: one is to inherit the scientific achievements of predecessors, and the other is to be diligent in thinking in research.
Visible, in the process of creating inventions, if you leave the thinking activities, you can't reveal the nature and laws of things, and creating inventions will become empty talk. Similarly, we can't leave thinking activities in learning activities, otherwise we can't grasp the essence and laws of things, and concepts and principles can't be established. For example, in chemistry class, after a series of experiments and observations, we have mastered many physical and chemical properties of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. Then from different angles, through comparison, abstraction, generalization and other thinking activities, the non-essential characteristics of individuals are eliminated and their essential characteristics are found out, thus determining the unique properties of this thing, which are different from other things: all anions produced during ionization are electrolytes of hydroxide. This electrolyte is called "alkali", thus establishing the concept of "alkali".
In biology class, we saw oral epithelial cells, onion epidermal cells, tomato pulp cells, paramecium and so on through the microscope, and gained a lot of perceptual knowledge. Through thinking activities, it will be further discovered that although cells have various shapes, they basically have cell membranes, cytoplasm and nuclei. After further research, we know that cells can proliferate, and cells are the basic structural units of organisms and the basic functional units of organisms for metabolism. Grasping the same and essential characteristics of these * * *, the concept of cell was initially established.
It can be said that positive numbers, negative numbers, imaginary numbers, real numbers, differential and integral in mathematics, mass, weight, speed, acceleration, boiling point, melting point and vector in physics, chemical combination, decomposition, oxidation, reduction, valence, atomic weight and mole, biological assimilation, alienation, photosynthesis and mole.
In short, thinking activities enable us to inherit human knowledge in learning activities and use knowledge to solve various problems in learning. Without thinking activities, perceptual knowledge cannot be upgraded to rational knowledge, and rational knowledge cannot guide practical activities.
It is precisely because thinking can make a general and indirect reflection on realistic objects and phenomena that the mind of thinking is called "the most beautiful flower on earth" in Introduction to Dialectics of Nature.
How to develop thinking ability in the process of learning?
(A) put yourself in the problem.
The most effective way to make your mind active is to put yourself in the problem. When there are problems and problems to be solved, thinking can be active and thinking ability can be developed in the process of solving problems.
Problems can be divided into two categories: scientific research problems and learning problems.
Scientific research is a subject put forward to solve the unknown needs of society. Like how to check for cancer? What is the cause of cancer? How to prevent cancer? These problems are exactly the problems that human beings have not solved or solved well, and they are also the problems that human beings urgently need to solve.
Learning problem is a subject put forward to solve the personal unknown. For example, a small ball rolls on the ground, why does it roll slower and slower? Why is there scale in the kettle? Why not engage in strenuous activities after meals?
It can be said that the transformation from the unknown to the known is the solution of the problem. The solution of scientific research problems means the arrival of invention and creation; The solution of learning problems means the transfer of knowledge from society to individuals, that is, the inheritance of knowledge. It can be seen that the discovery and inheritance of truth is realized in the process of constantly discovering problems, discovering problems and solving problems. It is the thinking activity of solving problems that leads to the progress of scientific research and the deepening of learning.
Because problems are very important in learning and scientific research, scholars at all times and all over the world attach great importance to them.
Balzac said: "There is no doubt that the key to all science is to ask. Most of our great discoveries should be attributed to how. The wisdom of life lies in asking why every time. " Einstein questioned the time and space that people often talked about but never considered. After unremitting efforts, he established the theory of relativity. In Einstein's words, "I don't have any special talent, but I like to get to the bottom of it." Professor Hua was not superstitious about authority when he was young. After thinking, he questioned Professor Su Jiaju's paper and wrote why the solution of Su Jiaju's algebraic quintic equation could not be established, which shocked the mathematical community.
It can be seen that in order to promote the development of thinking, we must consciously engage in thinking activities of asking questions, asking questions and solving problems. If we realize that this problem is urgently needed by society or individuals, that is, after realizing the significance of the problem, we will greatly enhance our enthusiasm for solving the problem.
How can I put myself in the problem?
(1) Be good at finding problems by yourself.
It is important to be good at finding problems by yourself. From a report on scientific research achievements published in 2000, it can be seen that the number of American papers ranks first, accounting for 4 1.95438+0% of the total number of papers in the world. There are many reasons for this result, one of which is that American schools encourage students to ask questions seriously, which has played a very good role in promoting the development of thinking ability. According to Professor Wu Jianxiong, in China, parents often ask their children, "How many A's did you get today?" In America, parents often ask their children, "How many meaningful questions did you ask the teacher today?" An international student from China came to the United States and took part in a math contest. His grades were very good and his self-confidence increased greatly. In the American classroom atmosphere, he speaks boldly and likes to point out the problems in the teacher's lectures. He pointed out the teacher's problems again and again. Instead of being angry, the teacher admitted his mistake and thanked him. He also led the whole class to applaud, because the teacher thought it was his honor to cultivate an innovative student.
As a middle school student, in the whole learning process, we should ask ourselves questions through thinking. That is, in preparing lessons, attending classes, reviewing, doing homework, summarizing, extracurricular activities, and even the rationality of test questions, we should ask ourselves questions through thinking and study deeply, so that we can make great progress in learning. Chen Xianzhang in the Ming Dynasty put it well: "Small doubts make small progress, while big doubts make great progress, giving skeptics a chance to realize. Some enlightenment, some progress. "
In the process of learning, as long as you are willing to use your head, some problems will naturally occur. For example, problems arise because old knowledge is not well mastered; Because some new concepts or ready-made conclusions suddenly appear, people are prone to problems; Problems arise because of similar concepts and confusion; When the old knowledge is not enough, there will be problems; When we re-understand the same thing from another angle, there will be problems; When there is a contradiction between what the teacher said or what he wrote in the book and what he mastered, there will also be problems and so on.
Finding problems through thinking and solving problems through thinking are advanced and creative learning activities. Whether you can ask yourself questions is an important sign of whether your study has entered an advanced stage. As Nobel Prize winner Li Zhengdao said, "The most important thing is whether you can ask the right questions." Heisenberg, a German physicist, said: "Asking the right questions is often equivalent to solving most problems." Einstein also had an incisive opinion: "It is often more important to ask a question than to solve it, because solving a question may only be a mathematical or experimental skill, and asking new questions, new possibilities and looking at old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination, which marks the real progress of science." It can be said that not asking questions in learning means stopping learning; If you don't ask questions in science, it means that science stops.
(2) actively consider the questions raised by teachers in class.
A teacher who is good at inspiring students to think always leads to interesting questions in class to carry out teaching activities. Sometimes new problems arise from old knowledge; Sometimes problems are caused by experimental phenomena; Sometimes problems arise from life practice and so on. In the face of the problem situation created by the teacher, don't focus on the classroom and outside the classroom, and don't take a waiting attitude, passively listen to the students' answers or the teacher's explanations, but actively participate in the discussion and try to think quickly and correctly. Because it is a class, I feel that right or wrong can be affirmed or corrected by the teacher in time, which is of great benefit to continuously improve my thinking ability.
Many students' learning level is low, which is manifested in the low efficiency of classroom learning and the heavy burden after class. One of the reasons is that I quit thinking activities to solve problems in class and became a bystander of thinking activities.
Of course, some students want to answer questions, but they lack self-confidence and are afraid that incorrect answers will make them laugh. Actually, it's not necessary As a middle school student, it is normal to answer wrong questions in study. Incorrect answer, causing controversy is also conducive to in-depth discussion of the issue. Besides, answering questions in front of the whole class is a rare opportunity to cultivate your oral expression ability and should not be easily let go.
(3) Dare to ask questions and ask questions.
What should I do if I find the problem myself and still can't solve it after thinking about it? Only ask others, teachers, classmates, parents and all those who are better than themselves on this issue. In the process of learning, some students obviously have questions but dare not ask people because vanity is at work. They are afraid that teachers and classmates will look down on themselves, which is more common among some students who study better. In their view, it seems that all the students who never ask questions in their studies are good students; Even when I made up my mind to ask my classmates and teachers, others understood it as soon as they said it, but I didn't really understand it. I'm just afraid that people will say that my brain is too slow. Of course, they will not ask questions in depth, let alone argue with others.
In fact, a well-thought-out student's question will have a certain depth. When asking others, others will not only look down on themselves, but will treat them differently. From the teacher's point of view, students are afraid to ask questions, so they don't know what problems students have in their studies. So it is difficult to give targeted help.
It can be said that only those who dare to ask questions, dare to expose their own problems and learn from others with an open mind can become real strong learners.
What do you mean, will ask?
First of all, we should ask questions on the basis of learning. Dare to ask is not equal to dependence. An excellent student gives himself a "problem": the basic knowledge he has learned has not been reviewed, the textbooks or main reference books have not been read, the questions left by the teacher have not been asked without in-depth thinking, the key to his own problems can not be found, and his own ideas and opinions can not be put forward.
Sometimes, some students go to the teacher to ask questions, and when they ask questions, they are "topped" by the teacher. There is a simple reason. The teacher can quickly judge from the questions he asked: he didn't read the book carefully or think seriously. So the teacher didn't answer first, but let him read the book first and think for himself. It can be said that without your own thinking, you are not qualified to ask questions.
Secondly, in the process of asking questions, we should also keep thinking. When we ask our own questions, we just need someone to enlighten us or give us a nudge. Lu Jiaxi said: "There are always some questions you don't understand in your study. Ask others. It is also a pleasure for everyone to discuss, express their opinions and inspire each other. But we should also advocate thinking. Don't ask questions thoroughly. Ask people to click on the key places and think for themselves. This is more laborious, but the benefits will be much greater. " Understand the above truth, when you ask the teacher again, but the teacher doesn't tell you the answer directly, but asks you to return to a certain part of the book, you won't feel disgusted or inferior. A teacher who directly tells ready-made answers is not necessarily a smart teacher, but a teacher who can show you the way to get the answers through his own thinking is a smart teacher.
Third, we should take seriously the causes of our own problems, the reasons we can't solve, and the wisdom of others to solve this problem. In this way, you can gradually improve your self-awareness of learning and strengthen your ability to solve problems, so that the questions raised in the future will become more and more profound and valuable.
(2) Keep thinking.
When it comes to the essence of learning, some people say that the primary school stage is dominated by teachers, the secondary school stage is dominated by teachers, and the university stage is dominated by teachers.
This view shows that the essence of learning is gradually strengthened during school study. After graduation, when you get to work, you basically have to "go by yourself" in your study and work, that is, you have to find and solve problems by yourself. Therefore, during the study in school, we should pay special attention to overcoming dependence and persisting in thinking. Under the guidance of the teacher, I gain true knowledge through thinking and my own mental work. Only in the process of thinking can the thinking ability develop rapidly. When studying at school, with the guidance of teachers and the help of classmates, you should think boldly, because if you think wrong, it is easier to correct it in time. If you depend on others, your thinking ability will only deteriorate day by day.
Only by persisting in thinking can the thinking ability develop to the level of creation. The so-called creative or creative activities refer to providing new, original and socially meaningful products. Science is developed through continuous creation on the basis of inheritance, and what we have learned today is the creation of predecessors.
Creation or creative activities mainly rely on creative thinking activities, which are characterized by novelty and originality. Creative thinking can only be formed in the process of thinking. Accepting other people's thinking results can only be called learning or imitation. If you can't reach the level of creativity, you can only run behind others forever.
Middle school students will shoulder the heavy responsibility of building the motherland into a world power in the future, so they must persist in thinking from an early age before they can engage in creative or creative work in the future.
The performance of thinking in learning should be: being good at finding problems, solving problems correctly, and checking and judging the correctness of learning results correctly.
If we can solve the problems that others have successfully solved, although it has no creative significance to society, it itself breeds the ability of creative thinking, and the development of this creative thinking ability may promote the realization of real invention and creation.
Another manifestation of thinking in learning should be not blindly following, not trusting, not relying on, asking why everything, and accepting it after thinking through your own mind. Don't memorize the results easily until you figure it out. Heinrich Veber, Einstein's teacher, said to Einstein, "You are a very smart young man, but you have a problem, that is, you don't want anyone to tell you anything." The "fault" mentioned by teacher Heinrich Weber here is precisely Einstein's precious advantage-thinking, and it is this advantage that makes Einstein make an epoch-making invention.
Many students are too lazy to think in class, just waiting for the teacher to explain and copy the ready-made conclusions themselves; When reading a book, I am not good at finding problems. Sometimes even if you find a problem, you don't want to solve it through your own thinking, but you like to rely on the help of others. When doing homework, ask your classmates when you encounter difficulties, and even copy their homework results. This thoughtless learning attitude makes them fall behind in their studies.
Professor Zhao Fangxiong, a mathematician, said that the main reason why some students are not efficient in learning is lack of thinking. There is an old saying: "Learning without thinking is useless." When reading a book, you should form the habit of thinking while watching. Sometimes we spend more time thinking than observing. For example, books often have theorems first and then deduce them from scratch. When we look at it, we should think backwards: which problem needs to be solved first to get the theorem? In order to solve this problem, which problem needs to be solved? And so on, step by step, and finally leads to the proof method of this theorem, so that we can better understand the key of the theorem.
Persist in thinking, once you succeed in your study, you will further enhance your confidence in thinking and develop your thinking ability to a new height.
(3) Learn some thinking science.
In our practice, human beings have made some scientific summaries of thinking forms, laws and methods through successful experiences and lessons of failure. Because of the complexity of thinking, this summary is only preliminary, but it is extremely valuable wealth of human society. Inheriting this wealth, we can put our thinking into the scientific track as soon as possible, and make middle school students' learning have a qualitative leap and enter a higher realm.
What should I study?
(1) The basic form of thinking
For a middle school student, it is necessary to know what a concept is, how it is formed, what its extension and connotation refer to, how to distinguish similar concepts, how to define concepts, and what is the relationship between concepts and languages and symbols. You should also know what judgment is, what is the classification of judgment, how to use it, etc. We should also know what is reasoning, what is deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning and analogical reasoning, what are the similarities and differences between different types of reasoning, how to make reasoning scientific and rigorous, and so on.
(2) the law of thinking
The so-called law of thinking refers to the identity of thinking, the law of contradiction and law of excluded middle. In addition, there are dialectical logic and dialectical logic thinking laws, such as the law of unity of opposites, the law of quantitative change and qualitative change, and the law of negative thinking of negation. The law of thinking is essentially the reflection of objective laws in the human brain, which should be mastered consciously.
(3) Thinking method
Mainly refers to the basic thinking methods such as synthesis, comparison, abstraction, generalization, classification, systematization, concretization, induction and deduction.
Using the correct way of thinking can often greatly promote the mastery and application of knowledge. Because thinking method guides learning method, learning method is the concrete expression of thinking method in learning.
The forms, laws and methods of thinking are not mysterious things. As long as a person is thinking, he can't do without certain thinking forms, laws and methods, but he just unconsciously realizes it. Therefore, it is necessary to learn some thinking science.
(4) Study the specific thinking process.
The forms, laws and methods of thinking are always reflected in the concrete thinking process. Therefore, it can only be grasped in concrete thinking activities, making it a concrete thing with flesh and blood, rather than a few abstract laws or definitions.
There are three ways to study the thinking process:
(1) By studying the history of science, we can learn nutrition from it and master thinking, so as to study the thinking process of predecessors.
In our textbooks, the tortuous thinking process of predecessors in seeking truth is omitted, and only a simple thinking process leading to success is seen, which is unfavorable for learning thinking science and developing thinking ability, because it does not conform to the original appearance of the history of scientific development.
By studying the history of science, understanding the thinking process of forming scientific achievements has three advantages: you can learn how to think scientifically, deepen your understanding of what you have learned, and learn the spirit of scientists' persistent exploration and creation. For example, by studying the process of Mendel's discovery of genetic laws, we can fully see the important role of scientific thinking methods in the research, and we can also learn from Mendel's tenacious spirit of engaging in pea hybridization experiments for 8 years. Of course, due to the limited time, it is impossible to study the history of every scientific achievement involved in the textbook, but it will be helpful to understand the exploration process of some important discoveries in the history of science.
(2) Learning the thinking process through the classroom.
In class, we should consciously study the thinking process of teachers or classmates and specify their thinking methods.
After listening to the class, you can recall how the teacher asked questions, how the problems were solved, how the teacher's comparison table was designed in the review class, and how the knowledge was organized into an internal organic whole. In a word, learning the teacher's successful inspiration, guidance and explanation in class will help to improve our thinking ability. As for the students' answers to questions in class, some arguments are clear, some answers are simple, some answers are clever, and some refutations are powerful ... Don't let go of these wonderful scientific thinking. We should seriously reflect on them, think about where students are smart in the process of thinking, and learn from them.
(3) Recall your own thinking process and look for successful experiences and lessons from failure.
Every student thinks every day. For example, thinking in class, discussing and speaking, reviewing after class, solving problems, writing, answering questions in exams, reviewing before exams, doing experiments and so on. However, ordinary students are only satisfied with completing their learning tasks, and often seldom consider the thinking forms, laws and methods in the process of completing their learning tasks.
Some students' answers are concise and impeccable. The teacher praised them and gave them a good grade. If you are not satisfied with this, and then look at your thinking process from the way of thinking, you may realize that the reason for the success of this answer lies in strict inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning, or the use of comparative thinking methods, so that you can use logical knowledge more consciously after being serious.
(5) Constantly enrich knowledge and improve the quality of knowledge.
Knowledge and ability complement each other. Rich and profound knowledge will undoubtedly promote the development of thinking ability.
It is often said that concept is the cell of thinking. If you don't master the concepts and principles, your thinking will be unable to proceed because of the lack of "raw materials" necessary for thinking. For example, if you don't master the principles, formulas and thinking activities of solving problems, you can't do it. Imagine a person who doesn't know the axiom of triangle congruence, how to carry out thinking activities in the face of the proof of triangle congruence? The reason why many students have low thinking ability is poor basic knowledge. An Australian scientist put it well: "The development of adults' scientific thinking can only reach the height that the foundation laid in their youth can support." The basics mentioned here, of course, include basic knowledge.
But there are also cases where some people know a lot and have a good memory, but their thinking ability to solve problems with knowledge is very weak. The reason for this situation is that the quality of knowledge stored in the mind is too poor. The so-called bad, one is not understanding, and the other is not systematic. Therefore, it is impossible to "understand" when thinking, which will inevitably affect the improvement of thinking ability.
(6) improve language expression ability.
When a concept is formed by understanding the essential characteristics of a class of things, what is used to determine and express it? Use words to express. The concept of written expression is "the cell of thinking". Words are combined in a certain way to express a certain meaning, which becomes a sentence, and the sentence is further composed of sentences, paragraphs and articles. People rely on language to preserve all kinds of knowledge they have acquired. Students rely on language to inherit these preserved knowledge, thus transforming social knowledge into personal knowledge. The exchange of ideas and experiences between people also depends on language and writing. People often use language to remember, think and imagine, thus making intellectual activities possible.
Language directly affects the storage, dissemination and inheritance of knowledge, which is related to the exchange of ideas and the progress of thinking. Language and thinking are closely related. And pointed out in German Ideology: "Language is the direct reality of thinking." Einstein said: "A person's intellectual development and the way he forms concepts depend largely on language." Su, a famous mathematician of Fudan University in Shanghai, said in a speech at the China Teaching Research Association in Shanghai: "If Fudan University is allowed to enroll students separately, my opinion is that the Chinese language should be tested first in the first class, and then the papers will be graded after the examination. If you fail, don't do the following homework. You can't speak Chinese and you can't learn anything else. " What the famous mathematician said is very reasonable.
At present, the problem worthy of attention is that many middle school students despise Chinese, neglect the improvement of language ability, and their listening, speaking, reading and writing skills are very low, which hinders the development of middle school students' thinking ability, such as reading and listening inefficiencies, unclear expression when answering questions, inaccurate expression of experimental reports, and inability to accurately express their thoughts. Therefore, efforts to improve language ability can not be ignored.
In short, to actively develop thinking ability, we should realize the importance of developing thinking ability ideologically, and pay attention to it in action: put ourselves in problems, persist in thinking, learn some thinking science, pay attention to studying specific thinking processes, constantly enrich knowledge, improve knowledge quality and improve language ability. With knowledge in your mind, you can improve your consciousness of action, keep up with your actions, and your desire to improve your thinking ability will become a reality.
When playing music, whether the fingering arrangement is appropriate will directly affect the playing effect. Only when the fingering a