First, we must first occupy and select materials around the topic.
That is to say, when your topic is determined, first, you should possess the materials around the argument and read as much as possible. Some topics come from topics that the teacher has studied. Quite a few students set their own topics, accumulate materials first, and then have arguments. Once the argument is established, go back and take possession of the material. In the possession of materials, it is similar to the basic writing I said. The first thing is to have the materials and real materials of the research object. For example, if you want to study several works of a writer at a certain stage, you should make in-depth and detailed research on these works to further determine your own arguments. If your paper is a report, not purely theoretical, but written in the form of experimental report, investigation report and summary, then your investigation materials and experimental materials should also be accounted for.
Second, we need epitaxial materials with research objects.
For example, if you want to study the writer's works, then you should study the background materials of the writer's writing, including the political and economic background, the background of literary and artistic thoughts and so on. There are also writers who talk about their own creative materials, and there are also materials that others have studied. With these materials, you can meet people and discuss the world, and you can make yourself as impartial as possible in your research. Therefore, fully possessing the materials will make your argument more complete. In this way, your argument will be deeper and wider in the future.
Third, we should choose materials on the basis of materials.
Never bring all the materials in, as long as you have them. This is a common problem when you write a paper. For example, if you write 10,000 words, you may write 50,000 or 60,000 words. Like that student just now, writing 60 thousand words is too rich. When you can't grasp it yourself, you can ask the teacher to help you and tell you what can and can't be used. More material is better than nothing, because it is always easy to delete. In the case of more materials, you choose better materials.
2. Select the paper type.
The second preparation is to choose the type of paper. The graduation thesis types are academic papers and reportage papers. For less applied disciplines, such as the study of writers' works and the study of poetry schools, it is easier to make academic papers. For highly applied subjects, such as teaching, journalism, therapeutics and experiments, papers are generally investigative or summative, and I summarize them as report papers.
3000-word papers published in magazines are usually report papers. The report paper mainly summarizes the experience. Whether it is a summary or a report, in short, we must sum up some regular things in the end. For example, the teaching experience of comprehensive learning in new textbooks has several rules: comprehensive learning can stimulate students to participate and learn actively; Comprehensive learning can stimulate students' innovative consciousness and cultivate students' innovative ability; Comprehensive learning focuses on extracurricular learning, which can strengthen the combination of in-class and out-of-class and strengthen the cultivation of ability; Comprehensive learning can strengthen students' experience and understanding of Chinese learning, and make students' emotional attitude and value orientation develop in a healthy direction. These experiences of his try to discuss theoretically and explain its significance.
Most students' papers are academic, and academic papers are mainly about a certain professional field. After full research, it is expressed in words and symbols. The basic requirement of this kind of paper is that commentators use their own knowledge to discuss and study the theoretical or practical problems of their major. Academic papers can also be subdivided into two types, one is an expository paper and the other is a comprehensive paper. The biggest feature of the so-called expository writing is that it is mainly based on discussion and has a strong theoretical color. It can be divided into argumentation type and refutation type. Argumentative type is to actively establish one's own views, while refuting type is to refute others' views. There are many comprehensive newspapers in our large newspapers and some magazines. For example, half a year has passed in 2003, and we can summarize the novels of this half a year.
If we summarize literary creation, we should summarize various styles. If it is a summary novel, it is necessary to describe the novels published in magazines and newspapers in the past six months. This is a comprehensive type, which is often described and discussed. Comparatively speaking, as long as your information can be found and you have certain generalization ability, it is easier to write a comprehensive paper than an expository one. Because argumentative writing is completely argumentative, it needs better logical thinking. In addition, the depth of the debate is still certain. This is still an undergraduate, let alone a graduate student.
The choice of paper type mainly depends on the paper object. If it is macroscopic, we will use a comprehensive description; If it is microscopic and involves the works of specific writers or a certain problem, we choose explanatory text. If our major is highly applied, such as teaching, journalism, agriculture and forestry, I suggest you write a report paper, an investigation report or a summary report. For this kind of articles, you can read newspapers and magazines. If it is a highly applied subject, I suggest you write a report paper, including investigation report, summary and experimental report. Some experimental reports can be papers. This is the second rule.
3. Draw up the writing outline of the paper.
The third rule of preparation is to draw up the writing outline of the paper. Without a complete writing outline, logical thinking will be biased. This is different from prose creation. Prose creation is also a hundred-word prose or a thousand-word prose, and a draft is almost enough. An academic paper of 3000 words should have an outline, not to mention a graduation thesis of 10000 words. List the outlines one by one and read them. What is the general argument and the sub-argument? There are several sub-arguments around the general argument. After the points are listed, we must pay attention to the relationship of taking the outline as the guide and serving the outline with our eyes. After this relationship is clarified, whether it is parallel relationship, master-slave relationship, progressive relationship, causal relationship, logical relationship should be clarified. Only in this way can we feel how our research ability is from the outline. When the tutor is tutoring, instead of asking you to come up with a manuscript quickly, let you talk to the teacher about the topic first. When the teacher determines that the size and difficulty of your topic are appropriate, he agrees to write an outline. So I exchanged views with the teacher for the second time and exchanged views with the teacher on the outline. When the teacher finds that your outline is not clear at all, he will be responsible for sorting out your thoughts; Finally decided to write, you can start writing. In the process of writing, you may feel the need to overturn the original outline and rewrite it. If this happens, be sure to communicate with the teacher and ask him to show you whether it is necessary to rewrite the outline. Don't do a lot of useless work. Don't communicate with the teacher until your paper is finished. If the teacher shoots your paper, it means that you have done nothing. Be sure to draw up the outline and communicate with the teacher.
The relationship between the general argument and the sub-argument of your thesis outline must be clear. Tell the teacher in the outline what arguments are needed for each sub-argument. After each argument, you should point out your argument method, or metaphor method, or the method of putting facts, or any other method. In the review of reading appreciation, in order to draw lessons from the outline of the thesis, I quoted an outline of a thesis on teaching Chinese as a foreign language by Mr. Wang Kuijin. You might as well learn from his writing outline. I quoted a passage about how to draw up an outline, on page 232 of the book. You can see how his outline is drawn. Through the drafting of this outline, you can learn from it when writing your thesis ... and take fewer detours. After your outline and materials come out, you can write your thesis.
When you start writing a paper, you should pay attention to the preparation of the title.
The third small problem of the fifth big problem is that when you start writing a paper, you should pay attention to the preparation of the topic. The title of a paper is generally drawn up by two titles, and it is difficult to control if it is a title. A title is often more macro. Of course, the main title can also be used to express the point of view of the topic, and the subtitle represents the research object. But sometimes, a title pulls out your topic. For example, the mass supervision of judicial activities limits its scope. So if it is a title, it is generally macro. For another example, "the comparison between the differences of economic growth and the advantages of agricultural products" is a topic. There is also a full title. A complete title is a main title with a subtitle. Generally speaking, the main title is to reveal the central argument of the paper, and the subtitle is to indicate the scope and object of your discussion. For example, in the Declaration on Economic Revitalization-On Reformers, the central argument and the scope of the research object are explained. For another example, longing for light and pursuing truth, goodness and beauty-on Feng Zikai's philosophical prose, the central argument and research object of the paper are also clearly expounded, which is a complete title. There is also "Narration between Mode and Effect-On Narrative Art of Lao Can's Travels", and the viewpoint appears in the outline. Attention should be paid to the following points in drafting the title: first, it should be appropriate, second, it should be eye-catching, third, it should be concise, and fourth, it should be novel, which are several requirements of the title of the paper.
After the topic is drawn up, the paper should also pay attention to writing an abstract and talk about the main contents of the whole paper. On the title page of a paper, the title comes first, and the abstract (also called the abstract of the paper) is below the title. What should be written in the abstract of the paper? Mainly explain the background, reasons, viewpoints and values of the paper clearly, and reveal it concisely for readers (mainly tutors, judges, editors, etc.). You can get the most important information without reading the full text. Generally, the number of words should not exceed 5% of the full text. There should be keywords below the abstract. Keywords Use 3 to 5 words to extract the main idea of the paper. For example, the key words of "comparison between economic growth difference and agricultural product advantage" are economic growth, comparative advantage of agricultural products, correlation analysis and linkage mechanism. The fourth small question is the introduction. The introduction explains the reason, background and value of the research. Finally, write the text. Revise your paper after you finish it, and ask your tutor to read it after you revise it. The paper can only be finalized after the tutor approves it. The average student can write two drafts, and some poor students can write four or five drafts.
This is a lecture on Tsinghua's thesis writing. Please praise it after reading it. It is not easy to collect and organize by hand. Thank you! )