20 12 agronomy 3 15 chemistry examination outline

I. Objectives of the survey

The content of agricultural chemistry examination covers inorganic and analytical chemistry (or general chemistry and analytical chemistry), organic chemistry and other public basic courses. Candidates are required to systematically understand and master the basic knowledge, theories and methods of chemistry, and be able to analyze, judge and solve related theoretical and practical problems.

Two. Examination form and examination paper structure

First, the perfect score of the test paper and the examination time

The full mark of this volume is 150, and the examination time is 180 minutes.

Second, the way to answer questions

The answer methods are closed book and written test.

Third, the content structure of the test paper

Inorganic and analytical chemistry 50%

Organic chemistry 50%

Fourth, the question structure of the test paper

30 multiple-choice questions, 2 points for each question, ***60 points.

Fill in the blanks with 35 blanks, each blank is 1 and * * * is 35.

Calculate and analyze 8 small questions, with a score of ***55.

III. Scope of investigation

Inorganic and analytical chemistry

The examination contents of inorganic and analytical chemistry mainly include: the general principle of chemical reaction, modern material structure theory, solution chemical equilibrium, electrochemistry and other basic knowledge; The basic concepts of analysis error and data processing, commonly used analysis methods such as titration analysis, spectrophotometry and potentiometric analysis. Candidates are required to master the basic knowledge and theory of inorganic and analytical chemistry, and have the ability to independently analyze and solve related chemical problems.

I. Solutions and colloids

Examination content

The expression method of solution concentration of dispersion system; General colloidal solution of dilute solution

Examination requirements

1. Understand the classification and characteristics of decentralized systems.

2. Master the expression and calculation of the quantity concentration, quantity fraction and molar concentration of substances.

3. Master the basic concept, calculation and application of dilute solution dependence in life and production.

4. Master the characteristics of colloid and the writing of micelle structure.

5. Grasp the stability and aggregation of sol.

Second, the basis of chemical thermodynamics

Examination content

Basic concept of thermodynamics thermochemistry and calculation of chemical reaction heat; Judgment of chemical reaction direction

Examination requirements

1. Understand the properties of state functions such as thermodynamic energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy, and the concepts of work and heat.

2. Master the calculation of the first law of thermodynamics: the relationship between constant pressure heat and enthalpy change, constant volume heat and thermodynamic energy change and their conditions.

3. Master the basic concept of chemical reaction heat, thermochemical equation, chemical reaction process, standard configuration, standard molar enthalpy of formation, standard molar Gibbs free energy, chemical reaction molar enthalpy change, chemical reaction molar entropy change, chemical reaction molar Gibbs free energy change and the application of Gibbs criterion.

4. Master the calculation of △rHm, △rSm, △rGm and △rGm of chemical reaction.

5. Master the calculation of Gibbs-Helmholtz equation and the influence of temperature on the spontaneity of reaction.

6. Grasp the free energy criterion of chemical reaction direction.

Third, the chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium.

Examination content

Basic concepts and rate equations of chemical reaction rate theory, chemical equilibrium and motion

Examination requirements

1. Understand the basic concepts such as chemical reaction rate, elementary reaction, complex reaction, reaction order, activated molecules, effective collision, activation energy, etc.

2. Master the writing of mass action law and chemical reaction rate equation.

3. Grasp the influence of concentration, temperature and catalyst on the chemical reaction rate.

4. Master the meaning of chemical equilibrium constant and the writing of expression.

5. Master the relationship between △rGm and K and its application.

6. Grasp the influence of concentration, pressure and temperature on chemical equilibrium movement.

7. Master the calculation of chemical isothermal equation and equilibrium constant.

8. Master the multiple balance rules.

Fourth, the material structure

Examination content

The Motion State of Extranuclear Electrons The Periodic Law of Extranuclear electron configuration Elements of Multi-electron Atoms and the Periodic Changes of Element Properties; Ionic Bond and Valence Bond Theory Hybrid Orbit Theory Intermolecular Force.

Examination requirements

1. Understand the concepts of wave-particle duality, quantum (quantization), wave function (atomic orbit), probability density (electron cloud), energy level, energy level group, shielding effect, drilling-through effect, energy level interleaving, etc.

2. Understand the meaning of the four quantum numbers and master the law of their values.

3. Master the principles and methods of extranuclear electron configuration.

4. Understand the relationship between the atomic structure and the periodic law of elements, and master the periodic changes of elements.

5. Understand the characteristics and differences of ionic bonds and valence bonds, and master the formation and characteristics of A bonds and π bonds.

6. Master the spatial configuration, bond angles and common examples of hybrid orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3) and the spatial configuration of non-equal sp3 hybrid orbitals (H20, NH3, etc.). ).

7. Grasp the relationship between electronegativity difference of elements and bond polarity, dipole moment and molecular polarity, the concepts of intermolecular force (dispersion force, induction force and orientation force) and hydrogen bond and their influence on physical properties of matter.

Introduction to analytical chemistry

Examination content

Overview of Error Effective Digital Titration Analysis Methods and Operating Rules and Compromises of Quantitative Analysis

Examination requirements

1. Grasp the relationship between error classification and reduction method, precision and accuracy.

2. Master effective numbers and operation rules.

3. Master the basic concepts and principles of titration analysis, the requirements and methods of titration reaction, the conditions of standard materials, the preparation of standard solutions and the calculation of titration results.

Six, acid-base balance and acid-base titration

Examination content

Acid-base proton theory acid-base equilibrium buffer solution acid-base titration

Examination requirements

1. Understand the writing of proton conditional expression, and master the calculation of pH value of weak acid, weak base and amphoteric substance solution.

2. Master the basic concepts such as proton acid, proton base, dilution law, same ion effect, acid-base pair of * * * yoke, dissociation constant, etc. 3. Master the types, preparation and calculation of buffer solution, and understand its application in agricultural science and life science.

4. Master the discoloration principle of acid-base indicator, the change law of pH in the process of monobasic acid (alkali) titration and the selection of commonly used indicators.

5. Master whether a single weak acid (alkali) can be titrated accurately and whether multiple weak acids (alkali) can be titrated accurately step by step. 6. Master the calculation of acid-base titration.

Seven, precipitation dissolution equilibrium and precipitation titration

Examination content

Precipitation titration based on the principle of equilibrium solubility product of precipitation dissolution

Examination requirements

1. Master the conversion between solubility product and solubility.

2. Master the principle of solubility product and judge the formation and dissolution of precipitation.

3. Master step-by-step precipitation and its simple application, and understand the conditions of precipitation transformation.

4. Understand the principle of precipitation titration and the determination of titration end point of silver titration [Mohr method, Forhad method and Farance method].

Eight. Redox reaction and redox titration

Examination content

Electrode Potential of Redox Reaction and Its Application Element Potential Diagram and Its Application in Redox Titration

Examination requirements

1. Master the basic concepts such as oxidation number, redox, oxidation state, reduction state, redox pair, galvanic cell, electrode potential and standard hydrogen electrode.

2. Master the calculation of electromotive force of primary battery and primary battery represented by battery symbol.

3. Master Nernst equation and related calculation of the influence of concentration (or partial pressure) and acidity on electrode potential.

4. Master the application of electrode potential (judge the relative strength of oxidant or reductant, and determine the direction, sequence and degree of redox reaction).

5. Grasp the relationship between the standard electrode potential and the equilibrium constant of redox reaction.

6. Master the standard potential diagram of elements and its application.

7. Understand the characteristics of redox titration and the classification of redox indicators.

8. Master the commonly used redox titration methods (potassium dichromate method, potassium permanganate method, iodometry method) and the calculation of redox titration results.

Nine. Coordination compounds and coordination titration

Examination content

Basic concept of chemical bond theory of complex coordination equilibrium coordination titration of complex

Examination requirements

1. Master the definition, composition and nomenclature of complexes, and understand the factors affecting coordination numbers.

2. Understand the key points of valence bond theory, and master the structural characteristics and properties of outer orbital complexes (sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d2) and inner orbital complexes (d2sp3, dsp2).

3. Master the relationship between coordination balance and other balances, and master the factors affecting coordination balance movement and related calculations.

4. Understand the structural characteristics and chelation of chelates.

5. Understand the characteristics of coordination titration and the properties of EDTA.

6. Grasp the conditions for accurately dropping a single metal ion, the lowest pH value allowed by coordination titration and the methods to improve the selectivity of coordination titration.

7. Understand the discoloration principle of metal indicators, commonly used indicators and indicator use conditions.

8. Master the method and application of coordination titration.

X. spectrophotometry

Examination content

Spectrophotometric absorption chromogenic reaction spectrophotometer and its determination method

Examination requirements

1. Understand the basic principle of spectrophotometry.

2. Master the principle, application and molar absorption coefficient of Lambert-Beer law, and understand the factors that lead to deviation from Lambert-Beer law.

3. Understand the characteristics of color reaction and master the selection of color conditions.

4. Master the application of spectrophotometry and the selection of measurement conditions.

XI。 potentiometric analysis

Examination content

Basic principle of ion selective electrode for potentiometric analysis

Examination requirements

1. Understand the basic principle of potential analysis.

2. Understand the meaning of reference electrode and indicator electrode.

3. Understand the determination method of ion-selective electrode.

organic chemistry

The examination contents of organic chemistry mainly include: naming, structure, physical properties, chemical properties, synthesis methods and applications of organic compounds; Various isomeric phenomena of organic compounds; The relationship between molecular structure and physical and chemical properties of organic compounds, typical organic chemical reaction mechanism. Candidates are required to master the basic knowledge and theory of organic chemistry and have the ability to analyze and solve related chemical problems independently.

Introduction to organic chemistry

Examination content

Chemical bonds and molecular structures between organic compounds and organic chemistry; structural characteristics and reaction characteristics of organic compounds

Examination requirements

1. Master the valence bond of * * * in organic compounds, the hybrid orbit of carbon atoms, σ bond and π bond, the characteristics of carbon atoms and the three-dimensional image of organic compounds.

2. Master the relationship between the structure and physical properties of organic compounds.

3. Understand the characteristics and basic types of organic chemical reactions.

Second, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons

Examination content

Structure, nomenclature and physical and chemical properties of alkanes and cycloalkanes

Examination requirements

1. sp with carbon atoms. Hybridization, concepts of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbon atoms, conformation representation of alkanes (Newman projection and perspective), overlapping and cross conformation and energy barrier, conformation of cyclohexane and its derivatives.

2. Master the systematic nomenclature and customary nomenclature of alkanes and cycloalkanes.

3. Understand the physical properties of alkanes and cycloalkanes.

4. Master the chemical properties of alkanes (halogenation); Understand the reaction mechanism of free radicals and grasp the relationship between the structure and stability of different types of carbon free radicals.

5. Master the chemical properties of cycloalkane (addition reaction of three-membered ring and four-membered ring, substitution reaction of five-membered ring and six-membered ring).

3. Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons

Examination content

Structure, nomenclature and physical and chemical properties of olefins, dienes and alkynes

Examination requirements

1. Master sp2 hybridization of double bond carbon atoms, isomerization of olefins, sp hybridization of triple bond carbon atoms, structure of * * * conjugated diene and * * * yoke effect.

2. Master the naming and arrangement rules of olefin, cis, trans, Z and E configurations; Master the naming of alkynes.

3. Understand the physical properties of olefins and alkynes.

4. Master the addition reaction of olefins (adding halogen, hydrogen halide, water, sulfuric acid, hypohalous acid, catalytic hydrogenation, free radical addition reaction catalyzed by peroxide), oxidation reaction and monohydrogen halogenation reaction; Understand the mechanism of electrophilic addition reaction (markovnikov law); Master the relationship between the structure and stability of different carbocation.

5. Master the addition reaction of alkynes (adding halogen, hydrogen halide, water and HCN), oxidation reaction and the formation of metal alkynes.

6. Master the diene synthesis of 1, 2- monoaddition and 1, 4- monoaddition (adding halogen and hydrogen halide) and * * * conjugated diene (Diels—Alder reaction).

Four. Aromatic hydrocarbon

Examination content

Structure, Naming and Physical and Chemical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Examination requirements

1. Understand the classification and structure of aromatic hydrocarbons, and master the nomenclature of benzene, naphthalene and their derivatives.

2. Master the structure, aromaticity and Hooker's law of benzene.

3. Understand the physical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons.

4. Master electrophilic substitution (halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, alkylation, carbocation rearrangement and acylation), side chain oxidation and side chain halogenation of benzene and its derivatives; Master electrophilic substitution (halogenation, nitration and sulfonation), oxidation and reduction of naphthalene.

5. Understand the mechanism of electrophilic substitution of aromatic rings, and master the positioning law of electrophilic substitution of aromatic rings and the influence of electronic effect. 5. Optical isomerism.

Examination content

Expression and labeling method of optical isomerism basic concept configuration

Examination requirements

1. Master the basic concepts of polarized light and optical rotation, optical rotation and specific rotation, chiral molecules and chiral carbon atoms, symmetry factor and optical rotation, enantiomers and diastereomers, racemates and racemates.

2. Principal Fischer projection and perspective of optical isomer configuration: master the R/S and D/L symbols of configuration.

3. Understand the structure of cyclic compounds and chiral molecules without chiral carbon atoms.

4. Understand the properties of optical isomers.

Six, halogenated hydrocarbons

Examination content

Classification, structure, nomenclature and physical and chemical properties of halogenated hydrocarbons

Examination requirements

1. Master the isomerism, classification and nomenclature of alkyl halides.

2. Understand the physical properties of alkyl halides.

3. Master nucleophilic substitution reaction (reaction with H2O/Na0H, NaCN, RONa, ammonia or amine, AgNO3/ ethanol), elimination reaction (Saizff's law) and reaction with metal Mg.

4. To master the mechanism and stereochemical characteristics of nucleophilic substitution reactions SN 1 and SN2; Understand the elimination mechanism of E 1 and E2.

Seven, alcohol, phenol, ether

Examination content

Classification, Structure, Naming and Physical and Chemical Properties of Alcohol, Phenol and Ether

Examination requirements

1. Master the classification, structure and nomenclature of alcohol, phenol and ether.

2. Understand the physical properties of alcohol, phenol and ether.

3. Master the reaction of alcohol with metal Na, Mg and Ca, the reaction of alcohol with concentrated strong acid at low temperature, the halogenation reaction of alcohol (with HX, PX3, PX5, thionyl chloride and Lucas reagent), the dehydration reaction of alcohol and the rearrangement reaction of carbocation (intramolecular and intermolecular dehydration), the esterification reaction of alcohol and the oxidation reaction of alcohol.

4. Master the acidity of phenol and its influencing factors, electrophilic substitution (nitration, sulfonation and halogenation) on phenol aromatic ring, oxidation reaction of phenol, and color reaction of phenol with FeCl3 _ 3 _ 3.

5. Master the interaction between ether and strong acid at low temperature and the fracture of ether bond; Understand the generation, inspection and treatment of ether peroxide.

6. Ring-opening reaction of ethylene oxide (adding water, ammonia or amine, alcohol, hydrogen halide and Grignard reagent).

Eight, aldehydes, ketones, quinones

Examination content

Classification, structure, nomenclature and physical and chemical properties of aldehydes, ketones and quinones

Examination requirements

1. Master the structure, classification and nomenclature of aldehydes, ketones and quinones.

2. Understand the physical properties of aldehydes, ketones and quinones.

3. Master nucleophilic addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones (reaction with derivatives of HCN, NaHS03, RMgX, ROH/H+, ammonia and H2O), A- hydrogen reaction (A- halogenation and aldol condensation), oxidation and disproportionation reaction of aldehydes (Cannizzaro reaction) and reduction reaction of aldehydes and ketones.

4. Understand the nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism of aldehydes and ketones.

Nine, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives, substituted acids

Examination content

Classification, structure, nomenclature and physical and chemical properties of carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives and substituted acids

Examination requirements

1. Master the classification, structure and nomenclature of carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives and substituted acids (including common names of important carboxylic acids).

2. Understand the physical properties of carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives and substituted acids.

3. Master the acidity of carboxylic acids with different structures, the generation of carboxylic acid derivatives, the thermal decomposition reaction of dicarboxylic acids, the reduction reaction of carboxylic acids and the halogenation reaction of carboxylic acids.

4. Master the hydrolysis, alcoholysis and ammonolysis of carboxylic acid derivatives, Claisen ester condensation reaction, ester reduction reaction, acid-base property of amide and Hoffman degradation reaction of amide.

5. Master dehydration reaction of various hydroxy acids, oxidation reaction of α-hydroxy acids and α-keto acids, decomposition reaction of α-keto acids and β-keto acids, ketoenol tautomerism of β-keto acid esters, and synthesis methods of ethyl acetoacetate and malonic acid esters.

Amines

Examination content

Structure, classification, nomenclature and physical and chemical properties of amines Preparation and application of diazonium salts Properties of urea

Examination requirements

1. Master the structure, classification and nomenclature of amines.

2. Understand the physical properties of amines.

3. Master alkalization, alkylation, acylation, sulfonylation (Hinsberg reaction), reaction with nitrous acid, preparation of aromatic amine (reduction of aromatic nitro compounds) and electrophilic substitution (halogenation, sulfonation and nitration).

4. Master the preparation and reaction of diazonium salt (with H2O, H3PO2, CuX, CuCN) and the coupling reaction of diazonium salt.

5. Master the alkalinity of urea, hydrolysis reaction, biuret formation and reaction.

XI。 heterocyclic compound

Examination content

Classification, structure, nomenclature and physical and chemical properties of heterocyclic compounds

Examination requirements

1. Master the nomenclature of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, quinoline, indole, purine and their derivatives.

2. Master the relationship between the structure and aromaticity of furan, pyrrole, thiophene and pyridine, and the relationship between the structure and electrophilic substitution activity.

3. Master the acidity and alkalinity of pyrrole and pyridine, electrophilic substitution (halogenation and sulfonation) of furan, pyrrole, thiophene and pyridine, reduction reaction and oxidation reaction of pyridine side chain.

Twelve, sugar

Examination content

Classification, Structure, Naming and Physical and Chemical Properties of Sugar

Examination requirements

1. Master the chain structure (Fisher projection type), gyration phenomenon and ring structure (Haworth type and conformation type) of ribose, 2- deoxyribose, glucose, mannose, galactose and fructose.

2. Master the configuration and nomenclature of ribose, 2- deoxyribose, glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose and their glycosides.

3. Master the isomerization, oxidation, reduction, formation, glycoside, etherification and acylation of monosaccharides.

4. Master the structure and composition of maltose, cellobiose, lactose and sucrose, and the physical and chemical properties of disaccharide (reducing and non-reducing). Identify the connection mode of disaccharide.

5. Understand the structure, composition and connection mode of starch and cellulose, and identify starch.

Thirteen, amino acids, peptides

Examination content

Classification, structure, nomenclature and physicochemical properties of amino acids; Nomenclature of dipeptide and tripeptide

Examination requirements

1. Understand the classification, structure and nomenclature of amino acids and their physical properties.

2. Master the amphoteric nature and isoelectric point of α -amino acids and the chemical properties of amino acids.

3. Understand the generation of dipeptide and the naming of dipeptide and tripeptide.

Fourteen lipin

Examination content

Composition and structure of oil, wax and phospholipid; Nomenclature of oils and higher fatty acids; Physical and chemical properties of oils and fats

Examination requirements

1. Master the composition and structure of oils, waxes and phospholipids (cephalin and lecithin), and the naming of oils and higher fatty acids.

2. Master the saponification reaction of oil and the calculation of saponification value.

3. Understand the concepts of saponification value, iodine value and acid value.

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