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Thirteen Classics refers to thirteen Confucian classics formed in the Southern Song Dynasty. They are The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Yi Li, Li Ji, Zhouyi, Zuo Zhuan, Gongyang Zhuan, Gu Liangzhuan, The Analects of Confucius, Erya, Xiao Jing and Mencius.
history
The Thirteen Classics gradually developed from the Five Classics of Han Dynasty and finally formed in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Han Dynasty: Five Classics
In the Han Dynasty, Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu were regarded as the "Five Classics", which stood in the position of scholars.
Tang Dynasty: Nine Classics
Chunqiu was divided into three biographies in the Tang Dynasty, namely Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gong and Gu Liang. The Book of Rites is divided into three rites, namely, Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji. These six books, together with Yi, Shu and Shi, are called "Nine Classics" and are also used by scholars to learn from the scriptures.
Late Tang Dynasty: Twelve Classics
As an adult, Tang Wenzong studied stone carving in Guo Zi. In addition to the Nine Classics, he also added The Analects of Confucius, Er Ya and Xiao Jing.
Five Dynasties: Eleven Classics (Income from Mencius)
After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Meng Chang, the master of Shu, carved eleven classics, including Mencius, excluding the filial piety and Er Ya.
Southern Song Dynasty: Thirteen Classics were formally formed.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Mencius officially became a classic, and together with the original nine classics, such as The Analects of Confucius, Er Ya and Xiao Jing, it formed the Thirteen Classics.
Thirteen Classics is the basic work of Confucian culture. As far as traditional concepts are concerned, Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu are called classics, while Zuo Zhuan, Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan belong to Chunqiu Jingzhuan and Book of Rites. Among these thirteen kinds of documents, Jing has the highest status, followed by Zhuan and Ji, followed by Erya. Thirteen kinds of Confucian documents have long been "classic". In the Han Dynasty, Yi, Shi, Shu, Li and Chunqiu were regarded as the "Five Classics", which were highly valued by the imperial court and stood at the top of the philosophers. There were "Nine Classics" in the Tang Dynasty, which were also designed for scholars and used to select scholars. The so-called "Nine Classics" includes three biographies: Yi, Shi, Shu, Yu, and Chun Qiu. As an adult, Tang Wenzong studied stone carving in Guo Zi, which benefited from The Analects of Confucius, Er Ya and Xiao Jing in addition to the Nine Classics. In the Five Dynasties, Meng Chang, the master of Shu, carved the Eleven Classics, and included Mencius in addition to the Classic of Filial Piety and Erya, making it into the list of classics for the first time. In the Book of Rites, Zhu, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, juxtaposed Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean with The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, forming four books that people are familiar with today, which were officially recognized, and Mencius officially became a classic. So far, thirteen Confucian documents have established their classic status. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the scriptures of the Thirteen Classics were carved on stones, and Ruan Yuan co-edited Notes on the Thirteen Classics. Since then, the name of Thirteen Classics and its revered position in Confucian classics have been more deeply rooted in people's hearts. The thirteen classics are extremely extensive, and Zhouyi is a book of divination, with a mysterious outer layer and profound philosophy. Shangshu is a compilation of ancient historical documents, the main contents of which are imperial letters and conversation record, monarchs and ministers. The Book of Songs is a collection of poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, which is divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode. Wind is a folk song, elegance is the orthodox elegance of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Ode is a dance music for the upper class to worship the ancestral temple. Zhou Li mainly collects the official system of the Zhou royal family and the official system of various countries during the Warring States Period. Yili mainly records the ritual system in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Book of Rites is a compilation of various etiquette works before Qin and Han Dynasties. Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Annals is a work formed around the classics of the Spring and Autumn Annals. Zuo Zhuan focuses on historical events, while Yang Gongzhuan and Gu Liangzhuan focus on discussion. The Analects of Confucius is a record of the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. The Book of Filial Piety is a monograph on feudal filial piety. Mencius devoted himself to Mencius' speech, thought and behavior. Erya interprets the meaning of words and things, and is often used by scholars to interpret classics. Confucian culture was in a dominant position in feudal times. As a classic of Confucian culture, the Thirteen Classics has great respect and far-reaching influence, which is incomparable to any other classic. The supreme ruler not only seeks the strategy of governing the country and leveling the world, but also follows the Confucian classics to standardize the thoughts of his subjects, establish ethics and morality, and guide the folk customs. The influence of Confucian classics on society is ever-present and ubiquitous. To understand and study all aspects of China's feudal society, we must read the Thirteen Classics.
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An overview of the thirteen classics era
Books before Confucius are not handed down. When Confucius began to teach students some ancient books, ancient books began to spread. At that time, the books taught by Confucius were mainly works that had been circulated for hundreds of years from the Zhou Dynasty 3,000 years ago to the Confucius era.
There are only four books before Confucius. These four books, together with the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Confucius himself, set up a learning hall in the Han Dynasty and began to teach students, called the Five Classics. These four books are the oldest books in China, dating back to the Zhou Dynasty three thousand years ago. The original names of these four books are Poetry, Book, Ceremony and Change. Now if you go to the library, you will find that they have been renamed The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Yili and Zhouyi.
Confucius taught students, which has been passed down to this day. We can see four textbooks used by Confucius' students that year.
1 Shangshu: the earliest extant collection of historical documents in China.
Zhouyi: China's earliest philosophical work, which is said to have been written by Zhou Wenwang in prison.
The earliest extant poems in China. Thanks to Confucius, it left us the earliest collection of literary works.
Etiquette: A book about ancient etiquette in China.
(Note: There were originally six textbooks taught by Confucius, but two have been lost. Legend has it that Yue was burned to death when Qin Shihuang burned books. Some people think that 19 "Yue Ji" in the Book of Rites may be part of Yue's manuscript, and "Spring and Autumn Annals" was a college textbook in the Han Dynasty, but now it has also been lost, and its words are scattered. )
In the Song Dynasty, nine other books were added to the Western Han Dynasty after Confucius, which were collectively called Thirteen Classics. The nine new books are as follows
1 Analects of Confucius (Confucius disciples' comments on Confucius' quotations in the Spring and Autumn Period),
The Book of Filial Piety (a collection of books found in the wall of Confucius Temple in the Western Han Dynasty) may have been written by Confucius or his disciple Ceng Zi in the Spring and Autumn Period. )
3 "Mencius" (the works of Mencius, a Confucian scholar during the Warring States Period. )
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4 Zuo Zhuan (probably written by Zuo Qiuming in the late Spring and Autumn Period, but some people think it was written in the early Warring States Period. )
5 "Biography of the Ram" (The author's old title is that Qi people were taller than rams during the Warring States Period. He studied under Xia Zi, a disciple of Confucius, and later became one of the three masters of Spring and Autumn Annals. )
6. Biography of Gu Liang (the author is said to be a disciple of Xia Zi, who was born in Chi, Lvliang during the Warring States Period. It was also taught orally at first, and it was not written until the Western Han Dynasty. )
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Zhou Li (originally named Zhou Guan) was discovered among the people in the Western Han Dynasty. Most scholars think it may be the Warring States period. )
The Book of Rites (an anthology of Confucian scholars' articles from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties, edited by two scholars in the Western Han Dynasty, Li Dehe and his nephew Dai Sheng). )
Erya is a dictionary compiled by scholars from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, which can be used to learn Confucian classics. Erya has more than 4300 words.
(Note: There is no book Chunqiu in the Thirteen Classics. Now Chunqiu has been lost, and its words are scattered in three books: Zuo Zhuan, Gong Yang Zhuan and Gu Liang Zhuan. The original book is only 18000 words, and the existing version is only 16000 words. )
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13 China Confucian classics and their annotations.
Namely: Yijing Justice 10, Shangshu Justice 20, Shi Mao Justice 70, Zhou Li Annotation 42, Yili Annotation 50, Liji Justice 63, Chunqiu Zuozhuan Justice 60, Chunqiu Gongyang Biography Annotation 28. The earliest combined edition of Notes to Thirteen Classics was a ten-line edition of the Southern Song Dynasty, but it was turned over and over again, with many errors. In the twenty-first year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 16), presided over by Ruan Yuan, then governor of Jiangxi Province, eleven remaining classics of the ten-line edition of the Southern Song Dynasty were reprinted in Nanchang School, supplemented by the single-sparse edition of the two books "Yili" and "Erya" engraved in the Song Dynasty, and excerpts from the thirteen classics written by scholars in the old days of Ruan Yuan were attached to each volume. The world calls it "Ruan Engraving Edition". 1935, the world bookstore published two volumes of Ruan engraving. 1980 Zhonghua Bookstore proofread the World Bookstore, and it was still issued in two volumes.