Liu Che, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, was a monarch with great talent and foresight. When the Western Han Dynasty acceded to the throne, after 60 or 70 years of recuperation, the social, economic and political situation was excellent. In order to consolidate and develop a unified multi-ethnic country and strengthen the centralization of absolutism, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out a series of activities of "promoting utilitarianism inside and barbarians outside".

Including: first, change the system and strengthen centralization. In the construction of internal affairs, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first changed the dominant situation of Huang Lao's inaction in the early Han Dynasty from the ideological and cultural fields, and "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone". He set up the inner court in the palace, weakening the mutual rights of the outer court. 13 state secretariat departments were set up to suppress local forces. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty further carried out the policy of reducing vassals since Wenjing, and in the second year of Yuanshuo, he issued a decree of promotion. After the Jin incident, he cut off a large number of titles of governors, thus basically solving the problem of governors that had plagued the Han Dynasty for a long time. In order to strengthen the supervision of local strongmen, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also used brutal officials, which also hurt many innocent people. Second, start an expedition to expand the territory. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he began to fight back against Xiongnu. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to Xiongnu for three times, which basically solved the problem that the northern agricultural areas were threatened by Xiongnu for more than a hundred years. Another important achievement of Liang Wudi's opening to the outside world is to strengthen the harmony and contact with the western regions. Due to Zhang Qian's appointment, the western regions were hollowed out, which contributed to the prosperity of the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also strengthened the development of Baiyue area in the southwest and south, setting up nine counties in the south of Japan and four counties in the southwest, effectively strengthening control; Third, the adjustment of financial policies. Due to the frequent internal and external achievements of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the 20 years since his accession to the throne, it has caused a serious financial crisis. In order to solve this problem, he hired the big salt merchants Dongguo Xianyang, Daye Tiejia Kongzhi, Jia's son Sang Hongyang, etc., and implemented a number of important fiscal policies, such as issuing five baht, managing salt and iron, balancing losses, and cracking down on industrial and commercial households, which improved the financial situation to some extent in the medium term.

In his later years, Emperor Wu regretted studying both inside and outside in his early years and was extravagant and superstitious, which led to the financial crisis and the intensification of social contradictions. Therefore, the famous imperial edict of "stop the wheel platform and reclaim wasteland" was promulgated, which changed the ruling policy, prohibited violence, stopped giving taxes freely, and encouraged agricultural production, thus stabilizing the once-shaken rule of the Western Han Dynasty.

Therefore, the evaluation of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty can be divided into two stages: the early reign and the late reign. The internal and external events in the early stage strengthened the centralization of absolutism and opened up the territory of the Western Han Dynasty, but at the same time it also caused a huge financial crisis and intensified social contradictions. However, for an emperor, repentance in the later period was especially rare, which made Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty different from Qin Huang and laid the foundation for his later revival.

2. The background, content and significance of Cao Wei's agricultural reclamation system.

Background: The war at the end of Han Dynasty left a lot of land abandoned, and the problem of combining labor and land appeared in society. For the warlords in the late Han Dynasty, the lack of military food became the most important problem that troubled their development. The situation that a large amount of land was abandoned because of the war provided objective and feasible conditions for Cao Wei to reclaim land, which made it possible for the government to master a large amount of land.

Content: In A.D. 196, Cao Cao first reclaimed land in Xuchang to solve the problem of rations. After Battle of Red Cliffs, the scope of reclamation was expanded and more gains were made. The so-called reclamation is to organize farmers according to the military establishment, with dozens of people in one camp and different kinds of national land. Land ownership of wasteland belongs to the state. The pioneers are state tenants, paying 46 cents or half of the rent. This form of reclaiming wasteland is called people's wasteland. Mintun has an independent management system, and the positions of Dudufu and Diannong are directly under the Central Ministry of Agriculture. There are also some military camps, which are wasteland reclaimed by soldiers. Pioneers have a heavy burden, and pioneers and soldiers still have strong personal attachment and cannot leave the wasteland at will.

Significance: Cao Cao's system of reclaiming farmland solved the problem of Cao Wei's army grain, which was beneficial to the enhancement of Cao Wei's military strength. Controlling a large amount of land and labor in the hands of the government, to a certain extent, has played a role in restraining the big landlords from annexing land and competing for labor, and has played a positive role in restoring and developing social production. However, in the later period of reclamation, the reclamation system began to hinder the development of production because of the improvement of mining rate and the low status of reclamation customers.

3. Evaluate the reform of Emperor Xiaowen.

Content: The reform was basically divided into two stages: in the fourteenth year of Taihe, before Emperor Xiaowen ascended the throne, Feng Taihou presided over it; Since then, it has been presided over by Emperor Xiaowen. The contents of Feng's political reform are as follows: 1. To rectify the official management, the term of office of local officials depends on the quality of administrative performance, regardless of the number of years, formulate a salary system and severely punish those who take bribes. 2. establish a three-long system. In 485, Li Chong proposed to implement the three-long system. The "three-long system" is to rebuild the system of township officials. Five families set up a neighbor, five neighbors set up a mile, and five miles set up a party to replace the clan leader's rule. 3, the implementation of land equalization system. After a long period of war and economic depression in the north, at the same time, the country was able to master a large number of ownerless wasteland. In 485 (the ninth year of Taige), the Land Equalization Order was promulgated, and land was granted to households, with more than 0/5 men, 40 mu of open fields, 20 mu of mulberry fields and 20 mu of open fields for women. Another fallow land will be approved twice. Open fields are not allowed to be bought or sold, and mulberry fields are inherited. In addition, officials are also divided into fields according to their positions. At the same time, a new land rent modulation method is formulated to adapt to the land equalization system. Abolish the nine-port mixed-in law and implement a fixed rent tax system. Provisions: a small family with a husband and a woman is a rental unit, and a husband and a woman are given a silk horse and two stones.

In 490, after Emperor Xiaowen came to power, he was determined to further promote reform and sinicization in order to strengthen feudal centralization. In 494, he moved the capital to Luoyang, and then carried out a series of actions to reform the old customs of Xianbei, including: forbidding Hu Fu, breaking Hu Yu, changing his native place, changing his surname, setting his surname, marrying the Han people, respecting Confucius and Confucianism, reviving rites and music and so on.

Significance: Emperor Xiaowen's reform has accelerated the historical process of ethnic integration in the north, and the economic and social life of ethnic minorities has made historic progress. This reform has also promoted the social and economic recovery and development in the north.

4. What is the enfeoffment system? The significance of implementing the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

Feudal system refers to the distribution of land and population by Zhou Wang to his brothers, relatives and heroes. It is characterized by the establishment of the local administrative system under the jurisdiction of the Zhou emperor, which is a pyramid-shaped hierarchical structure from the Zhou emperor to the scholars, with blood as the link and Ji surname as the core, thus effectively strengthening the control of the Zhou royal family over the whole country in a certain period of time. The enfeoffment system also provided an important premise for maintaining the emergence of the ritual system of emperor, minister, Qing, doctor and scholar.

The enfeoffment system in the early Zhou Dynasty adapted to the social conditions at that time. The enfeoffment system in the early Zhou Dynasty was an improvement compared with the situation of many countries and small countries in Shang Dynasty. Due to the enfeoffment of vassals, Zhou's ruling area and sphere of influence were consolidated and expanded, making Zhou a powerful slave country far beyond the territory of merchants. This has played a certain role in developing remote areas, expanding the influence of advanced culture and promoting national integration.

5. What are the basic characteristics of the local political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty?

The local system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was the system of "dividing the land to seal the Hou". Zhou divided the area near the capital into Wang Ji, which was directly ruled by the royal family. The vast areas other than Wang Ji were divided into vassals and established by the States. The vassal maintained a vassal relationship with the emperor and assumed various obligations. The vassal also gave the land in the fief to the doctor for fief, and the doctor gave the land to the scholars. Hereditary system is implemented, and the father dies and the son succeeds. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, this system of "dividing the land to seal the marquis" played a barrier role to the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty, which was conducive to the rule of the slave owners and nobles and promoted the economic and cultural development of various regions.

6. What is a well site system?

Well-field system is the economic foundation of slave society. The so-called "well field system" has three meanings: first, land ownership. Zhou is the owner of the national land. As a * * *, he gave the land to the vassal, and the vassal gave the land in the fief to doctors and even scholars. Nobles at all levels have only the right to benefit, but no ownership. The second is the form of land. Generally, through careful border management, the mine field is transformed into a square field with vertical and horizontal ditches and roads between the fields. Each piece is called a field and nine fields are a well. The third is the mode of operation. The slave who cultivated the minefield was called Shu Ren. At the same time, Zhou Tianzi granted this kind of farming slaves, and slave owners and nobles at all levels led by Zhou Tianzi drove slaves to the mining field for farming.

7. What is the main historical background of the hegemony between Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong? Why do they call for "respecting the king and resisting the foreign countries"?

(1) After Pingdong moved, the royal family declined and the prestige of the son of heaven declined. Governors no longer regularly pay tribute to the son of heaven, report on work, etc. The land was occupied by Zheng, Jin, Qin, Chu and other countries or Rong nationality. The land and population actually owned by the son of heaven are almost the same as those of weak vassal States, and politics and economy depend on powerful vassals. As a result, Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and other big countries competed for hegemony.

(2) They called for "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries", because although the son of heaven lost power, he was the "master of the world" and still had appeal. Therefore, only by calling for "respecting the king" can we "hold the emperor to make the princes". At that time, the surrounding ethnic minorities, known as barbarians, barbarians and Germans, took the opportunity to develop their power in the Central Plains and launched an attack on the vassal states of the Chinese nation. It is difficult for weak vassal States to protect themselves, and it is necessary for big countries to unite with other vassal States to resist together. Therefore, Fan Yi was also very appealing at that time.

8. Reasons, main contents and functions of Shang Yang's political reform.

In the late Spring and Autumn Period, private ownership of land appeared in Qin State. Economic and social prospects have further developed. However, the aristocracy monopolized the political power, and the monarch had less power and weaker national strength, so it was at a disadvantage among countries. Many countries in the Central Plains look down on Qin. After Qin Xiaogong acceded to the throne, he ordered the recruitment of talented people and was determined to appoint Shang Yang. Shang Yang carried out two reforms in 350 years before 359 BC. The contents are as follows: (1) The "Left-wing" law holds; (2) carrying out the small family policy; (3) emphasizing agriculture and restraining business; (3) Reward soldiers and severely punish private fights. (5) Formulate the twentieth order, and specify the number of farm houses, male and female servants and clothing grades occupied by titles at all levels. (6) it is forbidden for father and son to share the same room; (7) Taking the county as the local administrative unit; (8) Abandoning minefields and opening buildings: (9) Unified survey.

Function: Shang Yang's political reform was a thorough reform movement during the Warring States Period. The well field system was abolished, and the legal existence of feudal land ownership was recognized in the form of law. Qin became the most powerful country among the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, which laid the foundation for the reunification of China in the future.

9. Briefly describe the social background of a hundred schools of thought contend.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the transition to feudal landlord system, the struggle between the old and new classes and between classes was complicated and fierce. At that time, scholars or thinkers tried to explain or put forward their views on the universe, society and everything according to the interests and requirements of their own class or group, so there was a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the ideological field.

10. Briefly describe the main contents of Liu Bang's "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business".

"Agriculture-oriented" policy:

(1) Demobilized soldiers are given land and houses; (2) Call on fugitives to return home and "return to sleep in abundance";

(3) reducing the land rent to fifteen taxes; (4) Ordering the liberation of those who sell themselves as handmaiden because of difficulties in life.

The policy of "restraining business":

(1) Merchants and their descendants are not allowed to own land; (2) not being an official;

(3) Do not wear expensive clothes such as gorgeous clothes, and do not carry weapons when riding a car or riding a horse;

(4) Double the merchant tax.

1 1. Try to explain the social background of Wang Mang's generation of Han and the reasons for his failure.

During the Western Han Dynasty, heavy taxes and serious land annexation led to farmers' bankruptcy. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the situation was quite serious. The ruling group is more decadent. Under feudal oppression, the broad masses of working people worked hard all the year round and had no food and clothing. They had to rely on powerful landlords and endure the cruel exploitation of "overcharge and half pay". Either become a handmaiden or be exiled. After the death of Emperor Ai, the crisis of the Western Han Dynasty intensified, and Wang Mang, a consort, took the opportunity to seize power. Finally, he proclaimed himself emperor in 8 AD and changed his country name to "Xin".

After Wang Mang came to power, in order to alleviate the sharp class contradictions, he issued imperial edicts and carried out restructuring. Its main contents are:

First, in order to solve the long-standing problems of land and handmaiden, Wang Mang implemented "Wang Tian" and "private ownership" according to the mining field system. Secondly, the system of "five averages, credit loans and six incomes" should be implemented. Third, the monetary system has been reformed three times. Fourth, implement a unified measurement system,

However, these policies met with fierce opposition. First, the restructuring has more or less touched the interests of big landlords and businessmen, making the contradictions within the ruling class increasingly acute; Secondly, there are defects in the system itself, such as different changes in the reform of the monetary system, which has caused great confusion to the social economy and brought disasters to the people. Coupled with official corruption, class contradictions are more acute. Wang Mang's system reform failed to solve the social crisis, but caused people to suffer more, and finally a nationwide peasant uprising broke out.

12. Briefly describe the general situation and reasons of economic development in the South during the Southern Dynasties.

Reason: A large number of northern farmers moved to the south of the Yangtze River, bringing advanced production tools and technologies, developing the south of the Yangtze River together with the people of the south, and promoting the further development of the southern economy.

Performance: farmers have built many ponds to irrigate farmland; Burning wasteland and planting grass, or building dikes around lakes to drain water, and opening up a large number of farmland; Niu Geng has also been widely implemented; In the late Southern Dynasties, agriculture in Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi gradually developed.

13. Briefly describe the general situation and characteristics of the central political system in the Tang Dynasty.

The official system in the Tang Dynasty basically followed the Sui system. The feudal state system headed by the emperor was established relatively completely in Tang Gaozu's militaristic period. Laws and decrees are promulgated in the name of the emperor, who has the right to amend them and is not bound by them. Under the emperor, there are three provinces, six departments, nine temples and five prisons. In the central organs, the order-making organs, the blockade deliberation organs and the administrative affairs organs divide their work and cooperate. The responsibilities of government agencies and administrative agencies are very clear, and the supervision agencies are also very complete. In addition, there is a relatively complete system of hierarchical lords. The central official system in the Tang Dynasty generally had the following systems: 1, which was the same as the Pingzhang Affairs and Government Affairs Department under the Chinese Book Gate; 2. Three provinces and six departments. Decision-making is in the book, consultation is in the door, and implementation is in the minister. There are six departments in Shangshu province: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers; 3. Shangshu is a province; 4. Supervisory organ-Yushitai; 5. The administrative organ-Qingjian. Another important feature of the official system in the Tang Dynasty is the post of Hanlin bachelor. In the Tang dynasty, there were dispatched officials outside the administrative system in Beijing, that is, Hanlin bachelor, and temporary dispatched officials outside had three divisions: branch, household department and salt and railway transportation department. They were three independent departments, each with envoys to handle affairs, and they were merged into one post in the Five Dynasties, which was called "Three Divisions".

The political system of the Tang Dynasty not only provided institutional guarantee for the social, economic and cultural development of the Tang Dynasty, but also had a far-reaching impact on the political systems of subsequent dynasties. Judging from the development of China's ancient political system, the political system of the Tang Dynasty has the following characteristics:

1, the Tang dynasty finally ended the national system of family and country integration and aristocratic door politics, and opened the emperor-bureaucratic political system.

2. The basic pattern of the political system in the Tang Dynasty laid the basic framework and operation mode of the bureaucratic political system for later generations.

3. The appointment of officials at all levels in the Tang Dynasty had to pass the examination, and the bureaucratic form showed new characteristics.

4. The political system of the Tang Dynasty was constantly adjusted with the changing social situation, showing a powerful self-improvement function.

5. In the operation of the political system, there is a combination of principle and flexibility.

14, on the cultural characteristics of the Tang Dynasty

First, the cultural system is huge and complete, with a high degree of development; Second, the culture of the Tang Dynasty was extremely open; The third is socialization.

Tang Wenhua's system includes literature, religion and philosophy, history, art, astronomical calendar, geography, mathematics, medicine, skills and so on, which basically covered most of the social sciences and natural sciences in the world at that time. Such a huge and complete cultural system was unique in the world at that time. Tang Wenhua was in the leading position in the world at that time. At that time, Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty and the cultural center of Asia, was yearned for by all countries.

The innate inclusiveness of Tang culture and religion made Buddhism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism and other foreign religions enter China. In the early Tang Dynasty, the political and military forces were strong and the open policy was implemented. Li Shimin, an enlightened monarch in the early Tang Dynasty, attached importance to cultural exchanges and left an open tradition for the 289-year rule of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang government sent people to the Western Regions and Tianzhu for cultural exchange activities many times, treated foreign envoys and businessmen who entered China with courtesy, and respected the cultural and religious traditions of foreign residents who stayed in China. The Tang government also set up a special agency to take charge of foreign cultural exchanges. This enlightened policy of the Tang government is an important reason for Tang Wenhua's opening up.

Tang Wenhua's socialization is manifested in her development close to the people and the real world, in religion, literature, history, geography, medicine, folk customs and so on.

15. How to evaluate the excavation of the Grand Canal and its historical influence?

Subjectively, there are three motives for Yang Di to dig canals. One is to strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the national rule, the other is to strengthen the economic plunder of Jiangnan area; The third is a tour of the prosperous areas in the south of the Yangtze River. Because before the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, the economy of the south of the Yangtze River had caught up with the north, so the canal digging in the Sui Dynasty was related to the improvement of the economic status of the south of the Yangtze River.

Objectively speaking, digging canals will inevitably bring a heavy burden of corvee, leading to the intensification of class contradictions, which has also been listed as one of the contents of Sui tyranny by many historians. On the other hand, the excavation of the canal has also had a long-term and positive impact. It has become the main artery of north-south traffic, promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south, and played an important role in consolidating unity and social and economic development.

16. what aspects did the northern song dynasty strengthen the monarchy system?

First, concentrate military forces. In personnel, the military power of senior generals was lifted, and in system, the imperial army system was reformed, the command power of the imperial army was weakened, the leading institutions were reformed, and the system of dividing soldiers into two roads was implemented. Further weaken the possible local military forces and strengthen the central military forces.

Second, concentrate political power. Divide the power of the prime minister in the central government, set up assistant ministers for political affairs, and divide civil affairs; The same Tang dynasty was in charge of military and political affairs; And together with the three ministers in charge of finance, improve the status of salt, iron and expenditure. Locally, the counties in charge of our time in the Tang Dynasty were abolished, the central government appointed well-known managers, and sent generals to contain the county chiefs. The central government and local governments practice "separation of powers".

Third, concentrate financial power. Except for the necessary office expenses, all the local income was turned over to the central government by the transfer envoys, which eliminated the economic foundation formed by the separatist regime of the buffer region and restricted the commercial privileges enjoyed by the buffer region.

Fourth, centralize judicial power. In the Song Dynasty, in addition to putting some criminal prisons in various routes to be responsible for the administration of justice and strictly enforcing the legal system, it was also stipulated that all death sentences must be reported to the central authorities for examination and approval. The judicial system was restored and power was basically returned to the central authorities.

Fifth, expand the career path. Widely absorb the landlord class intellectuals to participate in politics, and constantly expand the class foundation of feudal regime. In the Northern Song Dynasty, palace examination was the highest-level examination, and the emperor directly mastered the right to recruit talents. Since the Tang Dynasty, the subordinate relationship between examiners and examinees has been abolished, and measures have been taken to prevent cheating, which has attracted a large number of literati to enter politics.

17, Comparative Analysis of the New Deal of Qingli and Wang Anshi's Political Reform

In Li Qing for three years, in the face of the increasingly serious social crisis, Song Renzong appointed Fan Zhongyan as government adviser, and Han Qi and Fu Bi as deputy envoys to carry out the New Deal. Fan Zhongyan put forward the reform plan of 10, that is, openly encouraging the people, suppressing luck, paying tribute, selecting officials, dividing public land, cultivating agriculture and mulberry, repairing military equipment, reducing corvee, taking care of the people and emphasizing orders. The main goal of the New Deal is to rectify the bureaucracy. The first five articles and the last two are all in this spirit. Its content is to eliminate corrupt and incompetent bureaucrats and limit their promotion; Reform the system of taking scholars; Reward and punishment.

When Wang Anshi was in Renzong, he asked for political reform in Shu, which reflected his guiding ideology of political reform, that is, by restraining mergers, developing agricultural production, increasing fiscal revenue and realizing rich countries; By innovating military equipment and training troops to contain Liaoxia, Qiang Bing can be realized and the situation of poverty and weakness can be reversed. Under the guidance of Qiang Bing Thought, Wang Anshi began to reform in the second year of Xining (1069). Rich countries implement young crops law, farmland water conservancy law, recruitment law, municipal easy law and farmland tax law. Qiang Bing has implemented the methods of setting up generals, armor, horses and military supervisors. And reform the imperial examination and academic system, and attach importance to training and selecting economic talents.

Both reforms were aimed at saving the political crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty. Fan Zhongyan's reform focuses on rectifying official management, starting from politics, while Wang Anshi's financial management, as the core of reform, starts from economy. In contrast, Wang Anshi's political reform was more targeted, aiming at the "poverty and weakness" in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the measures were more comprehensive, trying to make up for the shortcomings by making up for the losses, and achieved certain results in Qiang Bing, a rich country.

Both political reforms ended in failure, because both of them touched on the vested interests of bureaucratic landlord groups and aroused their fierce opposition. Fan Zhongyan was therefore falsely accused of forming a clique and losing the trust of the emperor. The failure of Wang Anshi's political reform also has its own personal reasons. Wang Anshi's reform was too hasty, and some new laws did harm the lower class in the implementation process, providing an excuse for the opposition. Wang Anshi's personality was too stubborn and self-confident, which led to the repeated division of the reformist camp, which made him increasingly isolated and eventually failed.

18. On the position of the unification of the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China.

The unification of the Yuan Dynasty ended the state of division for more than three centuries since the end of the Tang Dynasty, which was conducive to the development of culture and economy and the expansion of foreign exchanges. Basically laid the modern map of China. The Yuan Dynasty was the first national dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of China, the first northern nationality to cross the Yangtze River, and the joint political power of Mongolian and Han feudal classes. Mongolians and Uighurs entered the Central Plains politics, which strengthened their sense of ownership, promoted the development of a unified multi-ethnic country in many ways, and was conducive to mutual exchanges and new aggregation among ethnic groups. Its open and tolerant religious and cultural policies promote the development of multiculturalism. The Yuan Dynasty had brilliant achievements in culture, science and technology, developed frontiers and active economic and cultural exchanges with foreign countries, especially the unification of the territory and its corresponding measures had a far-reaching impact.

19, provincial system evaluation

In the Yuan Dynasty, the local authorities implemented the provincial system. The name of "province" began in the Jin Dynasty. It used to be a temporary military and political institution when central officials went to local areas to exercise their functions and powers in the province of Zhongshu (or Shangshu). The Yuan Dynasty gradually established it as a permanent local administrative region. In the Yuan Dynasty, most cities including Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia and their surrounding areas were directly under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Province, which was called "belly", while other parts of the country were divided into 10 provinces, namely Lingbei, Liaoyang, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Huguang. The configuration of the provincial capital is roughly the same as that of Zhongshu province. The governor is in charge of all military and political affairs in the territory and has great real power. Save Dao, Fu, Zhou and County.

The establishment of the provincial system is a great change in the local administrative system in China, and the name of the province has been used until modern times. Due to the implementation of the province, the Yuan Dynasty ruled more border areas directly than the previous dynasty, and brought them into the central rule more effectively, which consolidated the national unity politically and ensured centralization in the administrative system. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Yunnan maintained a certain degree of independence. After the Yuan Dynasty established the province, its administration was the same as that of the mainland, and the southwest and the Central Plains were inseparable.

20. How to evaluate Zheng He's voyage to the West?

Zheng He is an outstanding navigator in China. In the battle of Jingnan, Zheng He made a meritorious service to the Prince of Yan, named him Zheng, and promoted him to be a eunuch. In order to develop foreign relations, establish the suzerain status of the Ming Dynasty, attract island refugees, crack down on and suppress maritime pirates, and maintain maritime traffic safety, Ming Chengzu specially sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean for trade and visit Asian and African countries. From 1405 (the third year of Yongle) to 1433 (the eighth year of Xuande), Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Ocean became a world-famous event. It communicated the political, economic and cultural exchanges between China and Southeast Asia, South Asia, Arabian Peninsula countries and countries on the east coast of Africa, and greatly enhanced China's international status in the Ming Dynasty. This is also an unprecedented feat in the history of world navigation and a great contribution of the people of China to the cause of navigation. He is a pioneer among world navigators. He reached the east coast of Africa south of the equator before the Italians Columbus and the Portuguese? Gamma rays discovered this new route more than half a century ago.

Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas also had complicated reasons, mainly including the theory of writing, showing off foreign forces, stabilizing the situation, developing friendship, giving priority to economic reasons, political reasons, dual purposes, strengthening cultural exchanges, aiming at Timur Empire and establishing Muslim League. It should be said that political factors are the main factors in essence. Looking for the missing Emperor Wen Jian, cracking down on the hostile forces that fled overseas in the Ming Dynasty, and expanding the political influence of Cheng Zu and the Ming Dynasty were not driven by economic interests, nor did they intend to colonize overseas. Therefore, after Chengzu, there was no such large-scale navigation.