The reason for the decline in the quality of manuscripts is that in some evaluation systems aimed at individuals or units, the number of papers is set as an index, which leads to the pursuit of quantity and shoddy construction. But some of these problems do not depend on our own will. It should be noted that this is an inevitable trend and a good thing for young writers, especially young writers are in a period of vigorous creation, which is an important guarantee for a good article. Editors agree that the decline of paper quality is serious on the surface, but the main reason is that the basic training of paper writing is not enough. This situation can be changed through hard work. "

The following is based on the editor's written talk and our actual situation. The revision will become the content of today's lecture, and it is also the personal experience of learning this written talk.

Talking about writing a paper

First, the content of the paper.

First of all, we should distinguish the differences between educational and teaching papers. Education generally refers to the social activities of cultivating people, which is related to social development and human development. All activities that enhance people's knowledge and skills and affect people's ideology and morality are education. In a narrow sense, it refers to school education and sometimes to ideological and moral education. Teaching refers to the specific activities of teachers and students in teaching and learning, so there are differences in educational teaching papers. Generally speaking, the former focuses on the macro, the whole, the relationship between people and ideas, and the process, methods, strategies and measures of ideological transformation. The latter focuses on the micro, local, knowledge acquisition, accumulation, dissemination and other operational links, focusing on the specific teacher-student interaction in the cognitive process. Middle school teachers generally write teaching papers.

The main genres of composition are narrative and argumentative. Narrative is about the background, process and influence of an event, and some author's feelings can also be added. Argumentative writing is the work of demonstrating some problems and verifying the correctness of arguments, that is, providing arguments, reasoning and drawing conclusions. Therefore, the two schools are very different. There is also a genre close to argumentative writing, but it is not in the strict sense, and only expresses its own views or impressions on certain issues or phenomena. Although it has opinions, it does not deliberately prove the correctness of the opinions. This kind of article belongs to essays in prose. Education and teaching papers should be argumentative, at least with opinions. Essays and essays are not papers, at least not good papers. But writing practice can start with sketches and essays, which can help us practice the basic skills of writing.

Generally speaking, the main problems to be solved in educational teaching papers are not "what", but "how to do it" and "why". It's better to have "why do it" in the article "How to do it". At the beginning of writing a thesis, young teachers often just describe the practice of a class, which makes no sense, or refer to other people's articles to write some opinions and feelings casually, or introduce some fashionable ideas and methods, without their own thinking. Only "what" is written, but "how" and "why" are not solved. If the paper is measured by "what", "how to do it" and "why", it can be roughly divided into three levels: low, medium and high. As long as we combine our own teaching practice and summarize successful practices, most people's papers can reach the intermediate level. To reach a higher level, we must write "why". This is the center of discussion, based on some important principles of modern educational theory, pedagogy and psychology. Therefore, I suggest you read more books after work, learn some theories and apply the principles of educational psychology to teaching practice.

Some teachers can easily write argumentative essays into narratives, especially a summary article after an experimental class to tell how they did it. This style of writing is very smooth, because what they do is very clear, and it is not difficult to make it clear that this kind of article is not deep enough. Education and teaching papers should not be work summaries or expository articles.

It is very important that the content of the paper is correct. The situation of different disciplines is different, so it is difficult to generalize. However, there are several * * * * issues that need attention:

(1) Be creative. Whether there is innovation is the most important starting point for many publications to consider employment, especially authoritative publications. Without innovation, it is impossible to hire. There are two kinds of innovation: original innovation and integrated innovation. Generally, there are few original innovations, and most of them are to put forward some new methods and new problems, or to analyze a problem in a way that others have never used before, which belongs to integrated innovation. This is also desirable, but the paper must eloquently explain the results obtained by adopting the new method. There is a paper on the "task-driven" information technology course. There is nothing wrong with the method itself, but there is no convincing factual basis and no new features. Are things that others are already doing. In this way, the originality and value of this paper are gone.

(2) Highlight key points. There is an article about educational informatization in school curriculum reform, which is a good topic in itself, but this article covers leadership attention, teacher training, student activities, computer room management, network security and so on, and each part is not thorough and has no depth. It would be much better if this article could focus on one or two practices with the characteristics of our school and why. There is also an article about students' group learning, which first explains the significance in general, and then quotes some educational theorists, without organically linking their own practice with theory, and explains the reasons and effects of doing so. Such an article is empty. If we focus on the specific problems solved in teaching, we can still write something.

(3) true and correct. This is very important. Not cheating is a good scientific morality. If it is false, this article will definitely not work. For example, write an article with diversified teaching evaluation and design a statistical table of students' self-evaluation and mutual evaluation. Have you really done it? Does the data come from teaching practice or just after class? Such a result loses the real meaning of the experiment. Some papers, which read deja vu, are either downloaded and pieced together or plagiarized in large sections, which is obviously not their own efforts. This is very bad for improving writing, and certainly not desirable.

(4) Stick to the theme. The collection and evaluation of papers generally have themes, sometimes wide and sometimes narrow. The content of the submission or contribution should be closely related to the theme. For example, the theme paper of "Teaching and Learning in the Network Environment" must reflect the use of the main functions of the network to carry out teaching, and can not make up a general multimedia classroom teaching. In April 2004, Mr. Qian Ping, a political subject in our school, gave a demonstration class in Wuxi, entitled "Surfing in the Choice of Values". Later, he used the example of this class in his paper to talk about the teaching function of BBS, which can turn fleeting oral communication information between teachers and students into information with storage function and can be reused, which has played an effect that oral discussion does not have. This raises the question of the nature of information technology that others have not noticed, which obviously improves the quality of the paper.

In 2004, one of the topics of thesis evaluation was "Discussion on information technology education, teaching theory, mode, method and practice after the implementation of the new curriculum". Then the background of the paper should be the implementation of the new curriculum. Although it has not been carried out yet, many teachers have explored it, and some have done teaching experiments. According to the spirit of the new curriculum, the paper can analyze the existing problems, write out which aspects must be reformed, how to reform, why to reform, and talk about opinions, ideas and practices combined with personal teaching experiments. There is an article about classroom discipline in information technology class, which is necessary. It is a pity to list the phenomena of discipline disorder, point out the responsibilities of teachers, and then simply say that some teachers should manage and improve the teaching quality. What does this have to do with the implementation of the new curriculum? No explanation, it's too far from the point.

In this paper, most teachers have written about autonomous learning, differential teaching, teaching evaluation, subject integration, improving the effect and so on. , the content is also more appropriate. Generally speaking, they focus on one or two issues, and some write educational strategies and comprehensive articles.

The paper should reflect what research has been done on a particular topic, what problems have been solved and what problems need further study. The most important thing is to point out the direction of further research on this subject. This is the value of the paper.

Generally speaking, it is relatively easy to write a paper on one or two specific issues, but it is more difficult to write a summary article, which requires a lot of information. Moreover, it is necessary to analyze the information, get rid of the rough and get the essence, and get rid of the false and keep the true. Never write a summary after reading a few published papers.

5] Improve artistic conception. General papers are simple and practical. The conclusion of the paper is of little significance to the guidance of others, and such a paper is of little significance. To improve the artistic conception, we should first see the current trend of educational reform, and have certain foresight, which problems will soon become the hot spots of teaching and which methods can solve the recognized difficulties. Take a step first, carry out teaching experiments first, gain experience, raise the problem to the understanding of science under the guidance of modern educational theory, and sum up some valuable laws. This is the best material for papermaking. The understanding of the same question is different from different angles and different heights. Many people lament that they will not be promoted and can't think of any meaning. The main reason is that there are not many articles on educational theory at ordinary times, and they are afraid of thinking, or they don't know how to look at the problem from another angle, and their knowledge is not wide. For example, some teachers inadvertently apply the "candle box effect" in psychology when dealing with class examples, such as showing words with the same theme side by side with related charts to help students understand. All he knows is that it works well. What's so good about it? Why is it good? I can't say it. If you have read books on psychology, it is not difficult to think that this is the role of the "candle box effect". Therefore, to write a good thesis, we must read pedagogy and psychology well and apply what we have learned. In the long run, kung fu will deepen. There is a saying in painting art that "the intention is outside the painting", and there is also a saying in drama art that "Kung Fu is on the scene", which is also applicable to education and teaching papers.

Second, the title of the paper

The title of the paper has the function of making the finishing point. The title should be very relevant to the content of the article. This is often overlooked. Some titles are too big and some are too limited. Although the topics and contents of many papers are more appropriate, they are relatively dull, not very prominent and unattractive. A paper written by Mr. Ju Hu Yun from Mingshan Middle School is very good. The topic is "optimizing information technology teaching by using emotional cognitive interaction theory". The theme is well chosen, which most people can't think of. So I feel fresh when I read the title, and I want to read it: How to deal with emotional problems in teaching? Some titles are always preliminary explorations and discussions on certain issues, which are too popular. As we all know, sometimes words are easy to write and titles are hard to match. If you want, you should go back to the early stage to study it, and you can rest assured that you won't miss the edge. Therefore, to write a good paper, we must use our brains everywhere. Read more articles and titles of others, there must be something inspiring.

Third, the abstract of the paper.

It is a summary of the article. It should be concise and to the point, and only need to explain the purpose of writing the paper, the methods used and the results obtained. A poorly written summary often contains some useless words. For example, "with the development of information technology, teaching methods are more and more advanced, and multimedia and network technology have become important tools for teachers" is useless.

Describe objectively and try to avoid subjective evaluation, such as "This article is of great significance to ...". Numbers should not be too many, generally within 200-300 words. Let people know what the article is about at a glance.

Keywords can't be used casually. Some people just list all the fashionable words used in the text as keywords, which is wrong. Extracting keywords from papers is also a way to improve generalization ability. The number of keywords in standard papers generally does not exceed 5. Keywords are like knowledge points in class. If you grasp it, you can grasp the main points of a class, and people can grasp the main points of the paper after reading the key words. So it is not easy to get to the point with a few keywords.

Some teachers think it's ok to write a paper. It seems more difficult to write an abstract of about 200 words and extract less than five keywords than to write the paper itself. It is not easy to be big and miscellaneous, but small and refined.

Teacher Ju's summary: "The new curriculum takes cultivating students' sound personality and integrity as its own responsibility, and pays attention to students' emotions, attitudes and values. Therefore, it is obviously inappropriate to ignore emotional factors in teaching. Failure to use emotional theory scientifically to guide teaching practice will lead to obstacles in students' intelligent development and active learning. This paper will focus on the theme of emotional teaching, discussing the importance of emotional factors, the status of emotion and cognition, the mutual restriction of emotion and cognition, the theory and essence of emotional teaching, and the methods and ideas of how to tap emotional functions in information teaching. "

More in line with the requirements of writing abstracts. If you refine it again, you can write it more succinctly:

To implement the new curriculum, we should pay attention to students' emotions, attitudes and values. Ignoring emotional factors or not knowing how to use emotional theory to guide practice scientifically in teaching will easily lead to obstacles for students' intelligent development and active learning. Focusing on the theme of emotional teaching, this paper discusses the importance of emotional factors, the position and mutual restriction of emotion and cognition, the theory and essence of emotional teaching, and the ideas and methods of how to tap the emotional function in information technology teaching.

In this way, it can be condensed into a short essay of 153 words, and the outline of the paper can be clearly expressed. The purpose of the abstract is to let readers know the main content of the article. Some magazines choose articles through abstracts. We should pay attention to the writing of abstracts and improve the ability of summarization.

Four. Introduction to text

The function of introduction is to put forward the problems to be solved in this paper. The introduction should come straight to the point and be concise. It is necessary for many papers to briefly describe the work or background significance of others in this field in the introduction. In particular, articles that suggest improving other people's methods are more necessary. It should be noted that we should not generalize others' work out of context, let alone deliberately distort others' meaning and highlight the advantages of our own methods. In a paper, the summary of others' work should be put in the introduction as far as possible. In the text, there should be no more such paragraphs unless necessary.

The citation of the literature should be correct. Your article quotes some literature, and others' articles may also quote your article. If you don't pay attention to the correct * * * when quoting, it may be passed on. For example, an article about remote control operation quoted an article in the American journal Nature, which mentioned that it only takes 150μs to send an operation command from the operation end to the execution end for feedback information. This is completely impossible. Even if the radio wave travels in a straight line, it will take at least 46.67 ms, and later it was found that the author made an error in quoting. If the article is published, with the authority of Nature magazine and the influence of the author of this article, this erroneous data will definitely be cited again.

Some papers have also started to quote literature and news on the Internet. Online documents are more reliable; For various reasons, the reliability of this message is not high. We developed a remote-controlled target vehicle for a test base with armored vehicles, which was reported in Weapons Knowledge. Because some contents are inconvenient to make public, some technical treatment has been done to the article. The news spread to the Internet and became "China successfully developed a remote-controlled armored vehicle" and "ant" became "elephant". So if you want to quote online news, you must verify the news through other channels.

Many papers also explain the structure of the article in the introduction. Although there are not many words, it is not necessary. For important papers, it is appropriate to explain the structure of the whole paper in the introduction because of its large space. Articles published in journals are not necessary.

Teaching examples of verbs (abbreviation of verb)

The purpose of this paper is to verify the correctness, feasibility and effectiveness of the theories, methods and viewpoints put forward in this paper. The correctness of the theory does not always need to be verified by practice, and those recognized educational and teaching theories do not need to be verified again.

The method is feasible * * * The verification is relatively simple, as long as the method used solves the problem.

The verification of this method is not well completed in many papers. The so-called effective * * * should be that solving problems is faster or simpler than other methods. Explain * * *, first of all, there must be contrast, not "Pharaoh sells melons"; The second is to have corresponding facts.

In this sense, the examples in the paper are often typical facts selected to illustrate the problem. Examples of personal experiences in teaching are also acceptable, but they must be reliable. If the paper is aimed at a specific class, then the examples cited in the paper must be the facts of the class, and you can't add your own ideas afterwards; If the paper is aimed at a certain teaching problem, and it is comprehensive, you can cite various examples in different classes, and sometimes you can quote typical examples from others to further illustrate the correctness of your own views and arguments. Based on facts, persuasive. Some theoretical articles can be based on recognized theories, but they are difficult to write well. When writing a paper for the first time, you'd better write more articles with examples. Papers should not be practical, but should be raised to the height of understanding. Teacher Ju's thesis is wonderful because there are both examples and theories. Under the guidance of theory, the understanding of feeling is raised to the understanding of reason.

Papers, papers, must be discussed, otherwise it is not called a paper, but an expository article. The process of discussion is actually a transition from feeling to reason. Many people can't write or write badly, which is often the problem. Practice writing a good paper and concentrate on overcoming this difficulty.

Sixth, the conclusion of the paper.

Conclusion There are not many questions, but there are not many wonderful conclusions. Due to the convenience of "copying" and "pasting" provided by Word and other word processing software, some words in the text, introduction and abstract of the paper are copied into the conclusion, and we know what the conclusion says before we see it, so the conclusion is boring. However, occasionally, problems that are not involved in the article will pop up in the conclusion. The conclusions of some papers overturn some or all of the discussions in the article. Some papers always feel something is missing at the end of reading. In fact, there is no conclusion, which makes people feel that the article has not been finished.

Seven, text modification

I used to write with a pen, and I often heard people say that "words are people's faces", which means that a good hand will add luster to you and make you look comfortable. Now the words on the paper are printed by the printer, so whether the article is fluent or not is very prominent and becomes a "face". As the saying goes, "a writing is like a person". If there are too many questions in an article, the author will not give a good impression.

The outstanding problems in writing and punctuation are:

(1) Every word, every sentence, wherever you think and say, your tone and meaning are incoherent.

(2) The meaning is repetitive, the words are not concise, and they are not good at using pronouns.

⑶ Fictional words such as "Er", "Li", "Ran" and "Qi" are used awkwardly.

(4) Improper use of technical terms or coinage terms is the last word of this paper. If there are national standards for terms in a certain field, although such standards are generally recommended standards, the terms recognized by the standards should be used first in order to have the same language with others. Common names should not be used in papers, even if such nouns have been used by more people. Terms have connotations, and each term has a strict definition when formulating terminology standards. If you have to create a new term in your paper, you must make it clear and have a strict definition. Also, don't use commercial and Hong Kong-Taiwan-oriented terms such as "computer" and "CD-ROM" in academic articles.

5] Indiscriminate use of punctuation. The most common mistakes are periods, or long sentences, or improper sentence breaks. The most difficult mistakes are question marks and exclamation marks.

In recent years, there is a very fashionable and overused word "based on". Sometimes when you open a magazine, there are two or three articles with the word "based on" in the title. The English for "based on X" is "X-based" or "Based on X". It should be said that the word "based on" is translated well. The problem is to use "based on" in a necessary and appropriate way. You don't have to use it, so you don't have to use it to pursue the taste of wrinkles. Moreover, since it is "based on X", then X should be a real thing that can be used as a basis. An article uses the phrase "based on task level ……", and this "task level" does not really exist. There are also common words "situation" and "situation" in teaching papers. Do they have any different meanings? Which one is suitable? Personally, I don't think it is necessary to create a problem "situation". In addition to the environment, "environment" also contains the meaning of "realm", which embodies the ideological level; And "scenery" is just an objective environment.

In fact, it is not difficult to solve the problem of writing. As long as the author reads the article once or twice, he can find most of the text problems. However, if the author is irregular and lonely in oral expression, it will not achieve much.

Eight, foreign language abbreviations

English is not our mother tongue, so when some English words are used in the paper, some problems will inevitably appear. Generally, we mainly use some English abbreviations in our papers, which is also standardized. For example, "VISUAL BASIC" cannot be written as Visual BASIC or Visual Basic, "PASCAL" cannot be written as Pascal, and so on.

Nine. Signature of the document

There is no doubt that the first author of the paper should be the author. This is both respect for his labor and responsibility for the article.

Recently, there are more and more signatures on papers, and even a short article has five or six names. This is an ethos that should not be advocated. Standardized documents with up to 3 signatures. When popularizing the first signature, the second signature and the third signature, the weight of the first signature of a paper is one, the second signature can only be counted as half, and the third signature is invalid. Everyone should pay attention to this, try to write articles independently, and don't "eat and drink with the matchmaker".

X. literature index

If the paper quotes the original text of other articles, it should indicate the source of the article, the author's name, the title of the book, the title of the article, the page number, the publishing house, the date of publication, the number of issues, etc. It should be marked at the end of the article. One is that the quotation is reliable, and the other is that it is convenient for readers to find the original text.

The above ten aspects of the paper are briefly described for your reference.

Example of the paper: Bao Yijia of Qingshan Middle School "A Preliminary Study on the Teaching Mode of Applied Mathematics Thinking Method in Senior High School Information Technology Course".

Let's stop here.