Briefly describe Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. The theory of multiple intelligences was put forward in 1983 by howard gardner, a psychologist from Harvard University School of Education. Gardner found the difference of learning ability from the study of patients with brain trauma and put forward this theory. Traditionally, schools only emphasize students' development in logic-mathematics and Chinese (mainly reading and writing). But this is not the whole of human wisdom. Different people have different combinations of intelligence. For example, architects and sculptors have a strong sense of space (spatial intelligence), athletes and ballerinas have a strong physical strength (physical operation intelligence), public relations has a strong interpersonal intelligence, and writers have a strong introspective intelligence.
Eight forms of intelligence
1. Logical mathematical intelligence: It includes the general ability of science or mathematics such as operation and reasoning, the special ability to distinguish logical or numerical patterns through mathematical operation and logical reasoning, and the ability to deal with long-term reasoning. This kind of intelligence has outstanding performance in detectives, lawyers, engineers, scientists and mathematicians.
2. Language intelligence: This intelligence mainly refers to the ability of listening, speaking, reading and writing, which is manifested in the ability of individuals to describe events, express their thoughts and communicate with others smoothly and efficiently, as well as their sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, word meanings and different functions of language. This kind of intelligence is outstanding in journalists, editors, writers, speakers and political leaders.
3. Musical intelligence: This intelligence mainly refers to the ability to compose music and perform instrumental music, including the ability to feel, distinguish, remember, change and express music, which is manifested as personal sensitivity to music, including rhythm, tone, timbre and melody, as well as the ability to express music through composition, performance and singing, as well as the ability to appreciate music expressions. This kind of intelligence is outstanding among composers, conductors, singers, performers, musical instrument makers and musical instrument Andhadhun.
4. Spatial intelligence: This kind of intelligence mainly refers to the ability to accurately feel the visual space world. Including the ability to feel, distinguish, remember and change the spatial relationship of objects, and express thoughts and emotions by this, which is manifested in the sensitivity to lines, shapes, structures, colors and spatial relationships, and the ability to express through plane graphics and three-dimensional modeling. This cleverness is manifested in painters, sculptors, architects, navigators, naturalists and military strategists.
5. Physical exercise intelligence: This intelligence mainly refers to the ability to technically control one's body movements and deal with goals, which is manifested in the ability to control one's body well, respond appropriately to events, and express one's thoughts and emotions by using body language. This kind of intelligence is outstanding in athletes, dancers, surgeons, racing drivers and inventors.
6. Interpersonal intelligence: This kind of intelligence mainly refers to the ability to get along with and communicate with others, which is manifested in the ability to perceive and experience other people's emotions, emotions, temperament, intentions and needs and make appropriate responses accordingly. This cleverness is manifested in teachers, lawyers, salesmen, public relations personnel, talk show hosts, managers and politicians.
7. Introspective intelligence: This kind of intelligence mainly refers to the ability to know, insight and reflect on oneself, which is manifested in the ability to correctly know and evaluate one's emotions, motives, desires, personality and will, and to form self-esteem, self-discipline and self-control on the basis of correct self-knowledge and self-evaluation. This kind of cleverness is manifested in philosophers, novelists, lawyers and others.
8. Natural intelligence: This kind of intelligence mainly refers to the ability to identify animals, plants and other parts of the natural environment (such as clouds or rocks). It has outstanding performance in hunters, botanists or anatomists.
The rise of Robert Jeffrey Sternberg's ternary intelligence theory was influenced by the information position theory in cognitive psychology, trying to explain the ability needed for cognitive activities from the perspective of cognitive process. According to the idea of intelligence triad, the difference of individual intelligence is due to the different information processing methods in the face of stimulating situations. Therefore, it is possible to identify individual intelligence level by measuring the information processing mode in cognitive situation.
According to the ternary theory of intelligence, human intelligence is an intellectual unity composed of connected trilateral relations, which can be regarded as three components of intelligence; The length of each side varies from person to person, resulting in individual differences in intelligence. The three intelligent components that make up an intelligent system are:
1.componentiallintelligenc refers to the ability of individuals to analyze data with knowledge and solve problems through thinking, judgment and reasoning.
2. experientialintelligence refers to the epiphany ability or creativity formed by integrating different ideas when individuals use existing experience to deal with new problems.
3. Situational intelligence refers to the individual's ability to handle daily affairs by using the knowledge and experience he has learned in daily life.
Robert Jeffrey Sternberg's triple theory of intelligence theoretically expands the concept of intelligence in traditional intelligence theory. If we look at the ternary theory of intelligence from the viewpoint of traditional intelligence test, the IQ measured by traditional intelligence test can only represent the combination ability in ternary theory. Therefore, since the emergence of the triple theory of intelligence, whether IQ is equal to intelligence has become a new psychological controversy. According to the triple theory of intelligence, IQ cannot represent intelligence. If we want to measure it,
Evaluation of ternary intelligence theory: superiority: discuss intelligence theory from three aspects: subject, external world and internal world, and fully consider the influence of situation and experience level on intelligence; The level of experience involved thinks that the amount of intelligence affects the measurement of intelligence; It provides a suitable theoretical framework for compiling an ideal intelligence test, and makes up for the defects of two traditional tests, authenticity and functionality, to some extent.
Defects: lack of in-depth description and exploration of situational sub-theory and empirical sub-theory.