Formula of High School History Crash Songs (Essence Edition)
The second part is the modern history of China (I).
Chapter 1 China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society (1840-65438+60s).
Section 1 Opium War (1840- 1842)
I. Background
1, power
① There were many reasons for the political Opium War, and the western system changed early.
The Anglo-French Revolution made the United States independent and the economy developed in a good environment.
(2) The economic and industrial revolution (1) was preceded by Britain, followed by the great powers.
Dumped goods are used as raw materials to expand the market.
2. Qing dynasty.
(1) The economy of the Qing Dynasty declined to merger, and capitalism gradually sprouted.
Self-sufficiency in economy. Feudal economy is dominant.
(2) Political corruption, cronyism, backward armament and financial distress.
The people's brutal rule was unbearable, and Lin Qing attacked the palace.
(3) The diplomatic ignorant call it "national subjugation", and the dream of closing the country to the outside world has not awakened.
3. Anti-smoking Campaign [1839]
(1) Because of the loss of Sino-British trade, it is a disaster to reverse the deficit.
Smuggling opium and plundering silver, Huang Lin wrote a love letter.
The emperor was shocked by the shortage of silver soldiers, and Lin Deng (4) smoking seemed to be popular.
(2) measures to arrest cigarette dealers and pay opium, and rectify coastal defense against the British army.
The destruction of opium in Humen surprised Britain and the United States and showed their determination to resist aggression.
Two. general survey
1. In the first stage, China banned British invasion and prevented the Pearl River from invading Tianjin.
(The second half 1840) Daoguang compromised easily, and Qishan negotiated an invasion with Britain.
2. In the second stage, the troops occupied Hong Kong Island, invaded the north, and the anti-British generals sacrificed more.
(184 1- 1842) Chen Liansheng, Senior Colonel Shajiao and Tian Pei were martyred in Humen.
The people in Sanyuanli rebelled against the British army, and their spontaneous struggle showed their spirit.
⑦ Three company commanders in Dinghai, Zhejiang, and Yu Qian in Zhenhai died.
Wusong defended Chen Huacheng against the enemy, and Zhenjiang resisted the sea age.
The British occupation of Zhenjiang cut off the grain transportation, and Nanjing entered into an agreement.
3. The winning and losing factors between China and Britain are clear, and the backwardness of the Qing Dynasty is the root.
The British army marched in, the warships were strong, and the Qing army was defeated.
Third, the impact
1, the post-war treaty "treaty of nanking" is unequal, and the privilege of invading China is briefly described.
(1) "treaty of nanking" reparations twenty-one million today, cut off part of Hongkong.
The agreed tariff rate is low, and five trade ports reach four provinces. .
(2) Annex 10 of the Convention is biased towards unilateral MFN treatment, and consular jurisdiction belongs to Britain.
Rent land to build houses for foreigners, establish concessions to apply for cities.
(3) The Wang Xia Treaty is more inclined to inherit the privileged beauty and expand the rights and interests.
Troops and ships patrol commercial ports and open hospitals and churches.
(4) The Huangpu Treaty inherited the Anglo-American Privilege Law and increased its rights and interests.
Free missionaries go to commercial ports to clean and protect churches and guard graves.
2. Effects of the war
(1) Economically, the Opium War had a far-reaching impact and was semi-colonial and semi-closed.
At the beginning of the disintegration of feudal economy, it promoted the commodity economy.
Dumped goods need raw materials, and the world market knows it well.
2 political aspects.
A The social nature of post-war treaties is unequal, and all kinds of sovereignty have suffered great losses (12).
Independence was destroyed, and semi-colonial and semi-closed gradually sprouted.
B the principal contradiction is the feudal oppression of the great powers, and the principal contradiction has changed.
C the revolutionary task of anti-colonialism and feudalism, and the democratic revolution flourished in modern times.
Ideological warfare makes people wake up and let people learn lessons from the voyage to the West.
Then Xu Weiyuan advocated learning from foreigners and mastering them.
[Notes]
(1) industrial revolution: refers to the technological revolution that machine production began in Britain from 1960s to1mid-9th century, replacing workshops and handicrafts. (2) Lin Qing: the leader of Tianjin, 18 13, led the peasant uprising army to attack the Beijing Palace. ③ Huang Lin: refers to Lin Zexu, Governor of Huguang, and Huang Juezi, Secretary of Split Temple. (4) Linden: Imperial envoy Lin Zexu, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Deng Tingzhen. ⑤ Tianjin: It refers to the Baihekou in Tianjin. ⑥ Hong Kong Island: refers to Hong Kong Island. ⑦ Three company commanders: Ge, Zheng and Wang Xipeng. ⑧ Twenty-one million: refers to compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars. Trade with nine ports: Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai. (10) Annexes to the Ningyue Treaty: refer to the annexes of the treaty of nanking, the Five-Port Trade Charter and the Humen Treaty. ⑾ "Shencheng": refers to the charter of land lease in Shanghai, where Britain first established a concession. ⑿ Sovereignty: refers to the sovereignty of territory, territorial sea, justice, tariffs, trade and so on.
The second opium war in the second quarter (1856- 1860)
I. Background
1. in terms of big countries, the western economy has made another leap and the industrial revolution has reached its peak.
Domestic commodity sales are small, and the goal of expanding the market is clear.
The three countries (1) were refused to modify the contract and expand their rights and interests to seek war.
2. Corruption in the Qing Dynasty, set a national policy and maintain the status quo with the hope of "mediation".
3. Invading China is an excuse for Xilin to teach yarrow, while Britain and France use war as an excuse.
Two. general survey
1. In the first stage (1856- 1858), the British invaded Guangzhou, and the allied forces occupied Yangcheng the following year.
Captured the governor Ye, leaving a bad name for the puppet.
(1) this route established a joint committee, colonial rule in four autumn and spring.
Allied forces occupied Tianjin in the north, and the "mediation" between the United States and Russia was accompanied by troops.
The four countries threatened the Qing government and the Tianjin Treaty was signed.
(2) The special envoy of Tianjin Treaty is stationed in Beijing, and ships can sail freely along the river.
Mainland commerce and missionaries, top ten trade ② Nanjing.
Britain and France pay 6 million yuan, which will be fixed after 500 strokes.
2. In the second stage (1859- 1860), the Qing army in Dagu defeated the allied forces and Britain and France sent more troops to Tianjin.
Yixin proposed to make an agreement with Xianfeng and Dun, and the fire was clear.
The Beijing Treaty added Tianjin as a commercial port, and the Tianjin Treaty continued to recognize it.
Plunder Chinese laborers and increase compensation for Kowloon.
3. Russia invaded China, Britain, France, the United States and Russia invaded China, and Russia occupied the most typical territory.
Aihui Lingnan 600,000 ⑤, Jiangdong 40 from Beijing ⑤.
The survey is divided into northwest 44 ⑦ and northwest 70 thousand.
Third, the impact
1, the semi-colonial and semi-closed political situation deepened from the beginning, and the loss of sovereignty shocked the people of China.
Take refuge in the great powers as a tool to suppress the Taiping rebels at home and abroad.
The political situation in the Qing Dynasty changed, and the Westernization Movement ensured the Qing Dynasty.
2. Economically, western forces spread all over the coast and extended to the inland to dump goods.
With the gradual disintegration of feudal economy, national industries will be born.
3. Ideologically, the Westernization Movement learned from the West, and religious aggression gradually deepened.
[Notes]
(1) Three countries: France, the United States and Britain. (2) Ten trading ports: refers to ten trading ports such as Qiongzhou, Danshui, Yingkou, Hankou and Nanjing. (3) Five percent: The annex to the Tianjin Treaty stipulates the principle of five percent, that is, China can only levy a tariff of five percent on the goods imported and exported by the great powers to China Customs. (4) Increasing compensation: it means that the compensation for Britain and France in the Beijing Treaty has been increased to 8 million taels of silver each. ⑤ 600,000 square kilometers south of Xing 'an Mountains outside the northeast of China, occupied by Aihui Treaty. ⑥ Jiangdong 40 leaves Beijing: it refers to the territory of 400,000 square kilometers east of Wusuli River occupied by Beijing Treaty. ⑦ Northwest 44: It refers to the territory of 440,000 square kilometers east and south of Balkhash Lake in China, which is occupied by the Northwest Border Agreement and the Beijing Treaty. After seventy thousand northwest, China and Russia agreed to amend the treaty and five demarcation protocols, and cut off seventy thousand square kilometers of territory northwest of China.
Section 3 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement (185 1- 1864)
I. Background
1, political factors
(1) the feudal rule of opium war reparations, soukuo people's taxes increased.
Blackmail people's sufferings, and contradictions intensify people's struggle.
(2) The new disaster of foreign powers invading China is aggravated by the double oppression of the people.
2. The ideological factor Xiuquan founded Shinto and wrote a book to argue clearly.
Chizi believed in the emperor and destroyed Yamaraja for equality.
The ingenious combination of Chinese and western ideas called on the people to oppose the Qing court.
3. Organizational factors Yunshan organized the God Meeting, and the people in Zijing Mountain were poor.
Break the shackles and destroy the temple, leading the core to take shape.
Ten thousand people attended God's meeting and fought for freedom and joined the army.
The direct reason is that the people of Guangdong and Guangxi suffered frequent natural disasters, and the Guiping Uprising in Guangxi flourished.
Two. general survey
1, moving towards its peak (185 1- 1856)
① Jin Tianxing entered Nanjing Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, with Dongxiang Wang as the leader.
Yong 'an organizational system was first established, and Feng Xiaoxi made a Northern Expedition.
After conquering the two lakes, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu, its capital, Tianjin, marched again.
(2) Northern Expedition to lin li; (5) Northern Expedition to Beijing, which overthrew the goal of the Qing Dynasty.
The disparity between the enemy and me is unbearable, and they all sacrificed on their own.
Although the northern expedition defeated the enemy, it was beneficial to the eastern expedition and western expedition of the kingdom of heaven.
(3) The Western Expedition to the Kingdom of Heaven encountered the same problems as Lai and Cheng.
Wang Hao hukou shows great strength and consolidates Tianjin base camp.
The kingdom of heaven moved eastward to Qin Rigang and broke the camp of the Qing army at Peking University.
(4) Qin Shihuang's army marched eastward, defeated Nanying (6), and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reached its peak.
2. Turn to revival (1856- 1860)
(1) Tianjing incident Tianjing fell apart, and there were many contradictions in the forced closure of Dongwang.
North king running around, the limitations of small producers.
"There is no general in the DPRK" fought back and rebuilt two camps around Tianjing.
(2) Military and political measures, new measures in the later period of the Kingdom of Heaven, reuse Chen Li ⑦ in charge of military and political affairs.
Wang Gan has promulgated a new plan, and the "new chapter of senior ministers" has been revitalized.
Chen, Li Hebing two battalions, Sanhe trounced Xiang.
3. Going into decline (1860- 1864), capturing Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Li Xiucheng, and attacking the insurgents by Britain, France and Shanghai.
Chen Wang, king of Anqing, fought fiercely and retreated to Luzhou for sacrifice.
The Qing army attacked the rebel army and the Xiang army attacked Tianjing.
4. "Celestial Tianmu System" (1853)
(1) The contents of the land system change map promulgated by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
A the principle of land distribution is uneven everywhere.
Divide the land by households, by age, and divide the land equally.
B. Distribute the products to the Lord and leave enough food in the holy treasury.
The plan of goal C is uneven everywhere, and people in an ideal society are happy.
(2) Evaluating the new program of the revolution of Heaven, the revolution has two sides.
Revolution A abolished feudal private ownership, and the thought of anti-feudalism reached its peak.
B Limited war is divided into fields and lacks environment, so it is absolutely difficult to implement on average.
5. Reasons for failure
The fourth quarter, the germination of new ideas (65438+1940s and 1950s)
I. Background
1, before the war, Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty suppressed the people, and anti-Qing thoughts were banned.
Accused of dry armour (2) only textual research, don't talk about state affairs.
2 The Opium War After the Opium War, the crisis was deep and the feudal people gradually woke up.
Influence exposes corruption to earn shackles and uses politics to eliminate disadvantages.
Powerful countries resist aggression, explore new knowledge and learn western ideas.
Second, the new ideas of the landlord class (1940s)
1, Lin Zexu and Xu Guangdong set up a translation library to compile books for anti-English.
"The Laws of Countries" and "The Chronicles of Four Continents" imitate warships and say navy (3).
The first step of "learning from foreigners" is to learn from the first person in the west.
2. Wei Yuan's Atlas of the Sea was written by Wei Yuan, learning from foreigners and learning from foreigners.
Western history is the most detailed, exploring and saving the country and enlightening future generations.
3. Another "Kangyi Tour" is Yao Ying, and the border guards in Tibet are very wary of Britain.
"Ying Huan Zhi lue" (4) says history and geography, and experts in art are new.
Third, the new ideas of the peasant class-a new chapter for senior ministers (1859)
1. The content is Wang Jianguo's new plan, and the internal affairs reform measures are innovative.
(1) Politics is governed by the rule of law and unified decrees, and public opinion supervises elections.
(2) the establishment of economic development, western business studies and insurance awards.
(3) New cultural and educational schools set up hospitals, and all opium traffickers were banned.
(4) extensive exchanges in diplomacy and foreign trade, striving for equal freedom and independence.
2. There are two obvious limitations in evaluating the new program in the later period of the kingdom of heaven.
(1) Capitalism is the most distinctive new plan of progressivism to save the country and the people.
② The program of saving the country is too advanced, and the interests of farmers have not been reflected.
Social conditions are lacking, and the war is urgent and difficult to carry out.
The second chapter is the rise of capitalism in China and the formation of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
(65438+early 1960s-190 1)
Section 1 Westernization Movement (19, 1960s-1990s)
I. Background
1, political factors Second, the post-war political situation has changed, and China and foreign countries have "reconciled" and set up yamen.
The peasant uprising was invaded by foreign powers, and the Qing court was at home and abroad.
2. Factional factors When the Han rulers came to power, they learned from western factions.
The great powers appreciated the Westernization School, and Cixi temporarily helped to protect the Qing Dynasty.
3, scientific and technological factors, western technology spread to China, machine production was introduced at the beginning.
4. The direct factor is that Xiang Army occupied Anqing City and Xingye suppressed Taiping Army.
Two. general survey
1, the military industry "learned from foreigners to control foreigners", the spring of the Westernization Movement for 30 years.
(1960s) In the early stage of "self-improvement" for military industry, Anqing Ordnance Industry Rongchuan Bureau ②.
Shanghai Jiangnan manufacturing bureau, Chonghou opened in Tianjin.
2. In the later stage of civil industry, "seeking wealth" promotes civil use, and the ship is invested in Kaiping.
(After 1970s) Hanyang Iron Works weaving ⑤ assisted the military industry to make profits.
3, the establishment of the navy, the Japanese invasion of Taiwan Province Province Haiphong Xing, the establishment of three navies at the beginning of the decade.
(70s-80s) Beiyang Nanyang and Fujian set up naval yamen.
4, new education, new school, Yucaijun, go abroad for further study.
Third, the impact
1. Reasons for failure There are many reasons for the failure of Westernization, and feudalism is the root.
① Subjective measures have not changed the feudal system, and westernization has no core.
(2) foreign craftsmen rely on their skills for personal gain, and they are stubborn. (6) They get in the way.
2. Evaluation ① Feudal Westernization is the leading factor, and maintaining rule is the most distinctive.
(2) Politically, the dream of westernization has not been realized, and China is bullied and backward.
(3) Introducing foreign technology to cultivate talents economically, and modern industry began to flourish.
(4) Diplomatic and economic aggression is resisted, and powerful countries resist the navy.
The emergence of capitalism in China in the second quarter (65438+ 1960s and 1970s)
I. The Rise of Capitalist Industry in China (65438+ 1960s and 1970s)
1, conditions ① historical factors The reason why people's assets are rich, the bud ① has appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
(2) External factors: the invasion of China by the West broke its bud and became a part of the world market.
(3) Market factors The feudal economy gradually disintegrated and the commodity labor market flourished.
(4) Technical factors: Foreign companies stimulated the spread of technology, which was introduced at the beginning of modern industry.
⑤ Capital factor Bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen make profits by investing in industry.
2. Overview: Shanghai Changfa Machinery Factory, Tianjin Yilai Moufang ③.
Following Changlong in Nanhai, Guangdong Province, it is difficult for female workers to reel silk.
3. It influenced the birth of national industry and the birth of bourgeoisie.
(1) Politically, private capital in China has two sides, and oppression will inevitably lead to revolution.
The strength is weak and compromised, and sociality is fundamental.
(2) Economically, the national industry was born and the economic structure changed.
How difficult it is to produce and develop the new capitalist industry.
(3) The idea of ideological transformation also came into being, and the class requirements were initially reflected.
Second, the emergence of the proletariat in China (65438+1940s and 1950s).
1, background The proletariat was born early and foreign companies recruited people.
The westernization of new private enterprises has caused thousands of workers.
What is special is that Chinese and foreign workers are closely connected with modern industry.
(1) Three people with ideals, high consciousness and advanced organizational discipline.
(2) Three characteristics of China workers' new environment ⑥. Three advantages are characteristics.
Strong triple oppression and extreme poverty, China workers are the most revolutionary.
B farmers from the workers' and peasants' alliance come to the countryside to facilitate the alliance to defeat the enemy.
C highly concentrated, small in number but concentrated, and the propaganda organization is conducive to the struggle.
(3) The early struggle was dominated by economic struggle, and Hong Kong cracked down on foreign invasion.
Section III Sino-Japanese War (1894- 1895)
I. Background
1, the Meiji Restoration in Japan was strong, the market was narrow, and people protested.
Foreign troubles turned to safety, and the "mainland policy" was formulated early.
2. As for the great powers, Britain and the United States needed help when they invaded China, and the great powers were addicted to helping the Japanese.
Germany and France seize the opportunity to seize rights and interests, and Russia is wary of "neutrality."
3. Corruption in Qing Dynasty hoped for mediation, and "Wanshouqing" sought peace.
Avoid war and establish a national policy, passively resist defeat.
4. The direct reason is that the neighboring Xingyi Army of North Korea and the Qing army sent more troops to Asahi.
Two. general survey
1. In the first stage (94, 7-9), Toyota Yashan attacked the Qing army and the Sino-Japanese War started.
(1) the battle of Pingyang Pingyang against the enemy left, Zhichao crazy fled to the border.
(2) The Battle of the Yellow Sea The Battle of the Yellow Sea was a storm that dealt a heavy blow to the main force of Japanese ships.
Zhiyuan Jing overlooks the blue sea, and the national hero ② shines on history.
The fleet was ordered to retreat to Weihai, and the Yellow Sea became more and more brave.
2. In the second stage (94, 10-95, 4), the war reached the frontier and the guns of the two peninsulas sounded.
(1) Liaodong Battle Liaodong fought against Nie Tucheng, and the Japanese army occupied Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area.
The enemy landed at Huayuankou and occupied the dirt road in Dalian.
(2) Weihai campaign Weihai prefect (4) sought to annihilate the enemy, and Hong Zhang's military order violated the soul of the army.
Beiyang fleet was completely annihilated, and the dream of westernization became a bubble.
3, the winning and losing factors There are many reasons for the failure of the Sino-Japanese War, and feudal backwardness is the fundamental.
(1) subjectively avoiding war, hoping for mediation, the morale of the generals fled.
Objective Japan has been preparing for war for a long time, and the Japanese army is brutally equipped with new equipment.
Third, the impact
1, "treaty of shimonoseki" and "treaty of shimonoseki" Li Yi (5) ordered three islands (6) and lost silver (7).
(1895,4) The factory is duty-free, and the Suzhou-Hangzhou-Shayu-⑧ Japan ship berths.
2. Treaty effects
(1) China's sovereignty is incomplete for the territory ceded to Japan politically.
Stimulating the great powers to carve up, the national crisis is deepening.
(2) The huge economic compensation for the people increased, which facilitated the economic invasion of the great powers.
Opening a factory loses capital, and the national industry meets the enemy.
Inland ports are open to shipping, and power applies to inland areas.
(3) Generally speaking, the world is divided into capital and its social nature is deepened.
Triple interference in the situation in the Far East changed greatly, and Japan's prosperity surprised the three countries.
Interference in the return of Liao, Russia, France, Germany and Japan for extortion [10] bitter nationals.
4. The people's struggle against the cutting table in Taiwan Province Province (1895- 1945).
(1) the original treaty cut Taiwan Province to Japan, and the people of Taiwan Province Province made a campaign.
Oppose the cutting table to build an uprising army, and vow to live in Taiwan Province Province.
(2) Liu Yongfu, the leader of the Anti-Japanese War, fought the Japanese in Dajiaxi.
Changhua rebels fought fiercely, and Chiayi laid a minefield.
Xu Xiang was martyred by Zeng Wenxi, and the Qing Dynasty blocked Japanese occupation.
In May, he fought against the enemy 100 times, and the whole army was wiped out by 30,000 people.
(3) Maintain unity, love national conditions and oppose aggression.
Fifty years of heroic struggle, a long struggle for returns.
The Reform Movement of 1898 (1898)
I. Background
1, political factor-After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, after the partition was completed, the nation was in danger.
The bourgeois reformists in the national crisis tried to save the nation and strive for it.
2. Economic factors There are many reasons for the Reform Movement of 1898, and the development of private capital is fundamental.
(1) The development and expansion of private capital has taken place from the beginning, and the class foundation has been laid.
(2) Development factors, private capital development and foreign powers' aggression are double-edged swords.
The natural economy collapsed again and the national crisis reached its peak.
The policy of the Qing dynasty also changed, and the tax on private factories increased.
3. Theoretical factors-the reform thought was formed earlier, represented by Wang Tao and Zheng.
The early reform thought developed commerce and commerce and advocated the prosperity of western learning.
The abolition of constitutional monarchy reflects the interests of private capital.
4. Kangliang's thoughts are frequently publicized, and the ten thousand mu thatched cottage says reform.
The ingenious combination of eastern and western ideas in writing books and running schools; ② Writing the new theory of "two tests".
Feudal theory was impacted, and the reform thought was deeply rooted in people's hearts.
Liang Qichao, a great discussant on political reform, advocated political reform for survival.
(2) Write a letter and run a newspaper "Write a letter on the bus". The anti-Japanese and patriotic national salvation movements flourished.
Chinese and foreign news is a strong society, and the newspaper society has mushroomed.
(3) The two factions debated the feudal forces opposed to the reform, and the two factions debated the big debate.
We should reform the constitutional monarchy and advocate western learning.
Western ideas spread widely and the people woke up.
5, organizational factors "should be ordered to co-ordinate the overall situation", political reform has a program.
(1) Protect the leaders of the Congress, protect the Congress, and use new people for the 100-day reform.
(2) Reform the structure of the Prime Minister's yamen, and (4) Participate in politics and draft laws.
⑤ Liang is a university translator. Draft four chapters of imperial edict.
The emperor reused the reformists and Guangxu issued new measures.
Two. Overview (1898,6,11-9,21)
1, measure ① the government, officials and people wrote to the organization to prohibit the flag bearer from parasitic privileges.
(2) Industrial and commercial protection of industrial and commercial inventions, and reform of finance and postal services.
(3) The military downsized the army, cut green camp and recruited the navy.
(4) New Culture School (9) Abandoning stereotyped writing (10) and translating books and newspapers to foreign students.
2. Evaluation ① The progressive hundred-day reform had a far-reaching impact, and the reformists had to participate in politics.
The development of private capital advocated western learning, and feudal bureaucrats were once surprised.
(2) Limited political ideas (10) have not been realized, and strategic compromise is beyond discussion.
3. Reasons for Failure ① There are many reasons for the failure of subjective reform, and the limitations of private capital are fundamental.
It is difficult to get rid of the people and rely on the emperor.
(2) Objectively, the appointment and removal of personnel are controlled by Cixi and the governor of Zhili.
Provincial officials [13] rebelled against reform, and Shi Kai betrayed disaster arrival.
The Queen Mother's coup killed six emperors, and feudalism was strong and deeply rooted.
4, the limitations of the coaching class era, the road to improvement is difficult.
Third, the impact
1, the nature of private capital is dominated by the upper class, and the Reform Movement of 1898 is the most typical.
2. Achievements ① The feudal system was gradually changed politically, and the constitutional goal of the monarchy was clear.
(2) Capitalism needs economic development and keeps pace with the times.
(3) Facing up to the difficulties of going abroad and inspiring the patriotic enthusiasm of Chinese people is related to survival.
④ Advocating western learning to promote civil rights ideologically, and promoting awakening through ideological enlightenment.
[Notes]
(1) Clever combination of eastern and western thoughts: refers to Kang Youwei's combination of western political theory and eastern Confucianism to promote reform and change. ② "Second Examination": refers to Kang Youwei's representative works "Internal Examination of New Learning" and "Confucius System Reform Examination". ③ Anti-Japanese: 1895 "wrote a letter on the bus", opposed the signing of the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan, and put forward ideas such as reform and moving the capital. (4) Nanhai: Kang Youwei, a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, walked on Zhang Jing, the prime minister's yamen during the Reform Movement of 1898, and was allowed to play exclusively. ⑤ College translation: It means that Emperor Guangxu appointed Liang Qichao to handle the affairs of the College Hall and the Translation Office. ⑥ Chapter 4: It means that Emperor Guangxu appointed Tan Sitong, Liu Guangdi, Yang Rui and Xu Lin as military aircraft. ⑦ Zhao Xia: refers to1in June, 898, Emperor Guangxu issued "making the country an imperial decree". (8) Protection of industry and commerce: It refers to the establishment of the Railway Mining Bureau and the General Administration of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce in Shi Jing during the Hundred Days Reform to protect the development of agriculture, industry and commerce. Pet-name ruby new school: refers to the capital university hall and local primary and secondary schools. ⑩ Abolishing stereotyped writing: Abolishing stereotyped writing, learning from scholars, and changing strategies (content: China history and Qing Dynasty politics). ⑾ Political proposition: refers to the constitutional proposition of establishing the House of Representatives, the founding Congress and the Constitution. ⑿ Zhili Governor: refers to Rong Lu, a close confidant of Cixi. [13] Official: Only Governor Chen Baozhen of Hunan supported the Reform Movement of 1898. [14] Six Gentlemen: Tan Sitong, Liu Guangdi, Yang Rui,,, Kang, known as the "Six Gentlemen of the 1898 Movement" in history.
Section 5 The Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China (1898- 1900)
I. Background
1, political reasons-foreign powers invaded the 1990s, and the national crisis reached its peak.
The national crisis saved all classes, and the peasant class also fought.
Japan, Britain and Germany (1) invaded Shandong, and Qilu was teetering.
The direct cause-the detective missionaries who invaded China colluded with the government to oppress the people.
Missionaries' atrocities against foreign religions spread all over Shandong, and churches opposed the people.
Two. general survey
1. Raise the banner of guanxian, Shandong, and attack and teach foreigners.
(1898- 1899) The voice of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" is deafening, and anti-imperialist patriotism is the most striking.
It is conducive to attracting all walks of life, blindly exclusive and unclear.
2. The anti-imperialist forces in Shandong were shocked, and the Qing Dynasty suppressed people's entry into Beijing.
The movement (1900 spring and summer) was frustrated, and it went to Zhili and swept through Tianjin, shocking the Qing court.
Xishiku (4), a folk lane in the eastern suburbs, kills the enemy quickly everywhere.
The Qing dynasty changed it to "Zhaofu" and declared war on the eight countries.
3, the climax of Eight-Nation Alliance (5) War, Langfang Yangcun defeated the enemy.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/900, the allied forces sent more troops to Tianjin to unite against Nie Shicheng.
Defend Tianjin for meritorious service, and attack Zizhulin with success.
Chinese and foreign countries compete for the old ally ⑦, and colonial rule sets up yamen ⑧.
Beijing fell, Cixi fled, and Eight-Nation Alliance committed many crimes.
There are many reasons for the failure of the movement, and the limitations of farmers are fundamental.
Although the Chinese and foreign joint efforts to suppress the movement failed, they also made great achievements.
5. Historical achievements, the new peak of peasants' anti-imperialism, and the smashing of the powers.
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