Overtone is one of the most attractive timbres of guqin, which, together with bending and scattering, constitutes the three timbre systems of guqin. If the timbre is implied by heaven, earth and people, the overtone should be located in heaven, which is known as "the sound of nature". The following is what I have compiled about how to identify the overtones in each string emblem of guqin, hoping to help you.

First of all, let's understand the generation principle of guqin overtones.

The vibration of the whole string is prevented by the virtual pressing or virtual point of the left hand at the bisector of the string. Only some strings and some segments vibrate, resulting in the overtone of guqin. Virtual pressing with the left hand is convenient for the thirteen emblems of guqin.

In fact, the whole string of guqin can be divided into several parts in various places, but what our human ears can accept is only a limited number of parts. The ancients brought the overtone potential of guqin to the extreme, with thirteen emblems and thirteen points, just right, no more, no less, more complicated and simplified.

Next, I will start with the emblem of Qin and explain the overtones of each emblem one by one.

One or seven signs-bisector

The Seven Emblems divide the string into two parts, which is also half of the bisector of the whole string. "Half-multiplication and half-multiplication" is a common method of life for guqin. The principle of "half times and half times" applies to both the "five-degree birth method" and the "pure method".

When is the "half court"?

That is, when the strings are doubled, the pronunciation is low octave, the string length is halved and the pronunciation is high octave, so the low octave is "doubled" and the high octave is "half". For example, the pronunciation of traditional Chinese musical instruments, a tube with a length of 10cm, has a pitch of "1". If we want to find out its high-pitched notes of "65,438+0", we need to make a 5CM pipe in half. We can only refer to the principle, and the formation of the law is not so simple, such as the caliber, material and playing method of the pipe. On the other hand, if you want to find its low octave bass "1", you need to double this pipe to make a 20CM long pipe, and the pipe diameter should be changed accordingly.

Ancient "half-coexistence" and "three-point gain and loss" were all found in ancient wind music and strings. In ancient times, the quality of strings was solid, and you could play right and left music at will, and you could shoot all the notes at the same time. Therefore, the testimonies of guqin are clearer than those of guqin. The Seven Emblems are half of the whole string, so the pitch of overtones here is the high octave of the scattered sound of this string. Take Sanxian as an example. The scattered sound of Sanxian is "1", and the notation is "1". This is for reference only, so the pitch of the overtone of the Seven Emblems is the high octave of its scattered sound-the high note "65438+".

Conclusion: The Seven Emblems = = the high octave of the scattered sound.

Two, five emblems, nine emblems-three main points

The five emblems and nine emblems are the three syllables of the strings, that is, the guqin is divided into three equal parts. Let's start with the Nine Emblems. As mentioned in How to Determine Chords, the consonants of the Nine Emblems are the consonants of the three-string rhythm, that is, they have a five-degree relationship with the rhythm. If the rhythm of the three-string rhythm is "1", then the rhythm here is "5", and the overtone is also caused by the typical "one third of three lost", so the overtone at the Nine Emblems is also "5", which is just better than the three-string rhythm. According to the principle that "the overtones at the same partials are equal in height", there are also special cases. As will be explained in detail below, the overtones at the Five Emblems are also high notes "5", and the difference with the scattered sounds of this string is also an octave+a fifth degree.

Conclusion: Five Emblems and Nine Emblems = = Dispersion octave plus five degrees.

Three, four and ten badges-quarter points

The four emblems, the ten emblems and the seven emblems are equal to a quarter of the strings, that is, the strings are equally divided into four parts. It has been concluded that the Seven Emblems is the octave of the scattered sound of this string, so let's put it here. In addition, we look at the other two emblems from another angle. The fourth emblem is the bisector of the line from the seventh emblem to Yueshan, which means that the fourth emblem divides this section into two parts. In the same way, the Ten Emblems also divide the part from the Seven Emblems to the Dragon Glue into two parts, so we apply the principle of "half times the same". The Ten Emblems and the Four Emblems are eight octaves higher than the Seven Emblems, and the dispersion of chords is the same, only one octave higher, that is, two octaves higher than the dispersion pitch of the strings. Take the dispersion of the upper three strings as "1" as an example, then four.

There is also a contradiction here, that is, the above-mentioned principle of "homophones with high overtones". The seventh emblem, the fourth emblem and the tenth emblem are also a quarter of the string. Why is the pitch difference between the fourth emblem and the tenth emblem an octave?

Don't forget that the lyre is not only a quarter of the string, but also a bisector of the string. In other words, the Seven Emblems are two-quarters of the string, and are recorded as 2/4 in the form of fractions. In fact, in mathematics, it is generally not recorded like this, and 2/4 is only recorded as 1/2, so a principle should be developed here: "The overtones are not far away."

Therefore, although the Seven Emblems, like the Four Emblems and the Ten Emblems, are all quartiles, the overtone pitch is different, just the same sound. The same problem occurs at the sextant point of the lower chord. Among the semitone points, the seven emblems, the five emblems and the nine emblems are all semitone points of the strings, just like the two emblems and the twelve emblems, but the overtones of the seven emblems and the five emblems, the nine emblems, the five emblems and the two emblems and the twelve emblems are also different, and the principles are the same as above, so they are not explained one by one.