1883, Feng Ru, from Enping County, Guangdong Province. From 65438 to 0894, Feng Ru followed his uncle on a voyage to the United States, and soon arrived in the western American city of San Francisco and started a new life. Six years later, Feng Ru transferred to new york, where he studied machine building. He studies very hard and often studies late into the night to discuss a problem. Five years later, Feng Ru mastered a wide range of mechanical manufacturing knowledge. He is familiar with 36 kinds of machines, and has also invented and manufactured water pumps and pile drivers. The radio transceiver he designed and manufactured is very popular with users because of its good performance. At that time, Feng Ru had become a famous machine manufacturer.
Just as Feng Ru was absorbed in researching and manufacturing machines, there was news that Japanese imperialism had seized railways in Lushunkou, Dalian and the Middle East.
1904, Japanese and Russian imperialist countries fought a dog-eat-dog war on the land of China for the privilege of northeast China. Under the mediation of the United States, the two countries concluded the Portsmouth Peace Treaty in September 1905, which stipulated that Lushunkou, Dalian and the waters near the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula should be assigned to Japan. The railway from Changchun to Lushunkou was also handed over to Japan. Faced with all this, the corrupt Qing government ignored it and admitted it. Feng Ru felt sorry for the misfortune of the motherland and vowed to serve the motherland with his own skills. At first, he wanted to build a warship for his motherland to strengthen China's coastal defense. At that time, because the Wright brothers invented the airplane, which aroused strong international repercussions, all countries developed airplanes, airships and aviation weapons as advanced national defense equipment at that time. Feng Ru thought, it takes millions to build a warship, so it is cheaper, more labor-saving and more useful to build hundreds. After making up his mind, he said to his assistants: "Now is an era of fierce competition, and airplanes have become indispensable military equipment. If millions of planes can be built and stationed in various ports in China, it will be enough to strengthen China's national defense, and foreign powers will never bully us again! " When someone questioned his ability to develop an airplane, Feng Ru said firmly, "I vowed to develop an airplane for my country with my whole life. If you do nothing, die! "
Feng Ru raised more than $65,438+0,000 to set up the first aircraft manufacturing company in China. 1September, 907, Feng Ru and his assistants, patriotic overseas Chinese Zhu Zhuquan, Zhu Zhaohuai and Situ Biru rented a workshop in Wulun area and started the research and development work. At that time, the Wright brothers' plane had just taken off, and in order to maintain a monopoly position, they blocked all information. Feng Ru and others can only rely on their own aerodynamic knowledge to draw design drawings from scratch. They got up early and worked day and night, overcoming one technical difficulty after another. After half a year's efforts, the first plane was finally made.
1908 In April, Feng Ru made a test flight in the Oakland wheat field, and his friends advised him to change the test flight for safety. Feng Ru politely declined their kindness. He said to his friends, "Life is not precious. As long as China's plane can fly to the sky, it's worth dying! " Feng Ru waved and set foot on his own plane. With the roar of motor, the plane left the ground when it rose to dozens of feet. It tilted and the plane suddenly fell to the ground. The onlookers called Feng Ru's name and ran to the plane. Unexpectedly, Feng Ru casually emerged from under the broken wing. I saw him calm and calm, and said to the assistant who came over, "It seems that we have to start from scratch again."
After careful calculation, Feng Ru redesigned the parts drawing, and elaborately made the wing, rudder, propeller, internal combustion engine and other parts. After assembly, a brand-new plane was born! On September 2 1, Feng Ru made another test flight in Korynda. Under his control, the plane took off, flew more than 2,600 feet (1 foot =0.3048 meters), and then landed slowly on the lawn. It was determined that the first flight of Feng Ru's plane reached 2640 feet, which was more than the Wright brothers' first flight record 1788 feet. A few days later, a newspaper in San Francisco reported the test flight. The topic is: China people surpass the West in aviation technology. It took only one year and two months for the plane to go from design to trial. Feng Ru won honor for the people of China with his outstanding genius and rich creativity. Feng Ru's achievements have greatly inspired the people of China who are being enslaved by western powers, made them realize the strength of the people of China and enhanced the self-confidence of the people of China. When Dr. Sun Yat-sen saw Feng Ru's successful performance, he sighed: "China is full of talents!"
19 10, Feng Ru designed and manufactured an airplane with better performance in the United States. The wing of this plane is 29.5 feet long and 4.5 feet wide. The internal combustion engine is 30 horsepower, and the propeller rotates at 1200 rpm. In June 5438+that year 10, San Francisco held an international flight competition. Feng Ru took part in the competition with his newly designed plane. Flying at an altitude of more than 700 feet and a speed of 65 miles per hour (1 mile ≈ 1.609 km), it broke the world record of the first international flight competition held in France a year ago and won the first prize, which enabled China people to surpass the west again in aviation technology. Feng Ru has become a world-recognized aircraft designer, manufacturer and pilot.
Feng Ru's fame is getting bigger and bigger, and more and more foreign companies pay a lot of money to hire Feng Ru. In order to compete for air superiority, European and American countries are actively developing aviation and desperately recruiting aviation professionals. Feng Ru was bent on developing China's aviation industry and building more planes for China, so it flatly rejected the employment of other countries and still looked for opportunities to serve the motherland. At that time, the Qing government was also preparing to form an air force. They sent people to the United States to find Feng Ru, hoping that he would come back to work. Feng Ru was overjoyed and immediately agreed, saying, "It is my lifelong wish to contribute my meager talents to the motherland!"
19 1 1 February, Feng Ru and his assistants, Zhu Zhuquan, Zhu Zhaohuai and Situ Biru, set out on their way home with their homemade two planes and aircraft manufacturing machines. On the way, looking at the choppy Pacific Ocean, Feng Ru was full of thoughts. He remembers the rapid development of aviation in the world today. Since the birth of the first airplane, there have been more than 860 airplanes in the world in less than 10 years. Most of these planes are in the hands of western powers, but China doesn't even have one. He vowed to develop the aviation industry of the motherland with the aim of "enhancing national health and safeguarding interests" so as to make the motherland rich and strong at an early date.
After more than 1 month's voyage, Feng Ru and his party arrived in Hongkong smoothly. The Qing government specially sent the warship Bobby to meet them, and put the plane and machine on the outskirts of Guangzhou. Feng Ruyuan had planned to demonstrate flying a plane for the people in the suburbs of Guangzhou, but this plan failed because of the Huanghuagang Uprising initiated by revolutionaries. With the arrival of the revolutionary climax, the Qing government became more and more uneasy about Feng Ru. Not only did they cancel the flight show, but they also sent people to monitor Feng Ru's actions. Feng Ru was very disappointed with the ignorance and corruption of the reactionary government. He often shouts at the sky, feeling that he was born at the wrong time and could not serve his country.
When Feng Ru was extremely depressed, the Revolution of 1911 broke out. Feng Ru resolutely took part in the revolutionary army and devoted himself to the revolutionary torrent of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic. The revolutionary army appointed Feng Ru as the captain of the army plane, and authorized Feng Ru to organize a flight reconnaissance team to cooperate with the Northern Expeditionary Army to carry out air strikes against the Qing army stationed in the north. Later, due to the reunification of the north and the south, the flight reconnaissance team could not be organized. Sun Yat-sen attached great importance to the development of China's aviation industry after he became the interim president of Nanjing government. He made active preparations for the Nanjing Airport and held the first air flight demonstration in China in February 19 12. In this exercise, the plane piloted by Feng Ru and others broke down in the middle, flew for dozens of feet and landed, and the plane was damaged. Although the exercise was not successful, its political role was achieved. The news appeared in newspapers one after another, which aroused positive response throughout the country, because it was the first time that China people used their own planes to conduct flight exercises on their own land.
1965438+On August 5, 2002, with the approval of the provisional government of the Republic of China, Feng Ru made his second flight show in the suburbs of Guangzhou. At about noon 1 1, Feng Ru came to the audience. He briefly introduced the performance of the plane, then boarded the plane and made an air show for the audience. With the roar of the motor, the plane rose into the sky. Feng Ru is soaring in the blue sky with his eagle. The plane is like a vigorous Yin Yan, up and down or so; The stands were filled with cheers, drums and music. After the aerobatic performance, Feng Ru is ready to land. Suddenly, he saw two children playing on the runway in the distance, and an unfortunate thing was about to happen. At this critical moment, Feng Ru yanked the joystick and stepped on the accelerator. The plane suddenly flew into the sky like a crazy eagle, and a sudden disaster was avoided. However, due to Feng Ru's overexertion, the plane lost its balance. During the shaking, some parts were damaged and the plane suddenly landed on the grass. The surrounding audience flooded in to Feng Ruyong. When they rescued Feng Ru from the wreckage of the plane, Feng Ru was seriously injured in the head, chest and abdomen. The audience sent Feng Ru to the hospital with tears in her eyes, but she died after being rescued at the age of 29.
On September 24th, people from all walks of life in Guangzhou held a memorial service at the plane crash site in Feng Ru. According to Feng Ru's wishes, his body was buried on the left side of the tomb of the Huanghuagang martyr under Baiyun Mountain in the eastern suburb of Guangzhou, and a monument was erected to commemorate him, honoring him as "the first pilot in China".
Learning point
Multimirror telescope
Astronomical telescopes are too big or slightly deformed to track the trajectory of stars in the night sky. One way to solve this problem is to combine smaller telescopes into groups by using modern electronic and optical technologies. This is a multi-mirror astronomical telescope. The concentration of light energy from celestial bodies is directly proportional to the lens area. The use of multi-mirror astronomical telescope not only reduces the weight, but also increases the area, and the production cost is much less, and the effect is better than other telescopes. Multi-mirror astronomical telescope has opened up a new era of using giant astronomical telescope.
Before tsiolkovsky put forward his theory about using liquid fuel as rocket propellant, almost all ideas about future rockets were based on the theory of using solid powder as rocket fuel. Tsiolkovsky raised the possibility of using liquid fuel, which surprised rocket researchers. Since then, rocket research has gone out of the dead end of using solid fuel only.
In fact, tsiolkovsky's contribution to the modern rocket field goes far beyond this.
Tsiolkovsky was born in 1857. Tsiolkovsky, who was a child, was not cared for by the goddess of fate. On the contrary, he suffered a lot of unbearable pain and suffering in his childhood. When tsiolkovsky was nine years old, he contracted an acute infectious disease-scarlet fever. Due to the poor medical conditions at that time, although he escaped from the clutches of death, he left a lifelong incurable sequelae: his ears were almost deaf and he could only live on hearing AIDS. However, perhaps, as people often say, a tough environment often makes a genius. Fate didn't make tsiolkovsky yield, on the contrary, it inspired his ambition to fight against it. Tsiolkovsky's illness made him almost have no formal primary education, so he taught himself various courses in primary and secondary schools at home. Since he was a child, he likes to observe the boundless starry sky and fantasize that he can travel in the mysterious universe one day. So at the age of 16, he embarked on the road of studying in Moscow, hoping to enrich himself in college classes. However, the university in Moscow also rejected his application for admission on the grounds that his ears could not hear normally. Tsiolkovsky completed almost all college courses such as advanced mathematics, physics, chemistry and astronomy through self-study, which laid a solid foundation for his future research.
Under the pressure of life, tsiolkovsky returned to his hometown from Moscow a few years later, picked up a pointer in a rural school and became a middle school teacher. He is good at inspiring everyone's thinking in class and leading children to do some simple aviation experiments by themselves. After class, he never gave up his ideals and pursuits. His wife and family gave him great understanding and support in this respect, and saved money for him to buy books and equipment for research.
1883, 26-year-old tsiolkovsky published his first scientific paper "Outer Space" in Aerospace. He proposed that if you want to go to the universe, you must rely on the power of the jet device, and then drew a sketch of the world's first spaceship. When describing the power that the spacecraft depends on, he vividly compared the spacecraft to a vat full of high-pressure gas. As long as people unscrew the knob at the back of the vat to make the high-pressure gas run out continuously, the reverse thrust generated by the gas can push the vat forward. 1903, tsiolkovsky published his most famous paper "Using rocket instruments to study space". In this important document, tsiolkovsky not only clearly pointed out that rockets are the right-hand man to walk out of the earth and conquer the universe, but also put forward an epoch-making conclusion that rockets should use liquid fuel in the future, which pointed out the direction for the future development of rockets.
Tsiolkovsky thinks that a fatal weakness of solid fuel is that the reaction is not easy to control, and using liquid fuel can solve this thorny problem, so he puts forward a set of methods of using liquid fuel and oxidant. He thinks that just like installing a throttle on a car, installing a valve and a pump in the fuel storage room of a rocket can control the reaction speed by controlling the flow of fuel into the combustion chamber through this valve. Moreover, this method has another advantage, that is, the reaction can be stopped at any time and the ignition can be rekindled at any time. In addition, he also derived the ideal velocity formula of the rocket, which is called "Tsiolkovsky formula".
People are surprised by tsiolkovsky's argument and then sincerely admire it. The development of rockets in the future proves the correctness of tsiolkovsky's argument.
In addition to the above achievements, tsiolkovsky is an excellent engineer. With the help of friends, he successfully designed and manufactured the first experimental wind tunnel in Russia (an instrument for testing aerodynamic parameters under various experimental conditions) in 189 1 and used it for air resistance experiments. In addition, tsiolkovsky is a science fiction writer in his spare time. He once wrote a novel called Beyond the Earth, which described the story of some people living in space by spaceship. Some of the details, such as the weightlessness of people in space, were verified in the actual space flight later.
Tsiolkovsky famously said, "The earth is the cradle of mankind, but mankind will not lie in the cradle forever, but will constantly explore new celestial bodies and spaces. First, he will carefully cross the atmosphere, and then he will conquer the entire solar system space. " Today, this sentence is still inspiring people to bravely advance into the unknown areas of the universe.
Learning point
liquid propellant
1898, Russian tsiolkovsky put forward the theory that liquid propellant is used in aviation. 1926, Goddard launched the first liquid rocket, using binary propellants of liquid oxygen and kerosene. In 1950s, the former Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth satellite, using liquid oxygen and kerosene.
Liquid propellants can be roughly divided into two categories: unit and binary. Unit propellants can be miscible liquid substances or multicomponent liquid mixtures, and nitrate compounds are commonly used. Binary propellant includes liquid oxidant and liquid combustible. Commonly used oxidants are nitric acid and liquid oxygen. Combustible substances include unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and liquid hydrogen. During combustion, the two liquids are injected into the combustion chamber of the rocket engine respectively.
Compared with solid propellant, liquid propellant has the advantages of high energy, reusable engine, low cost, easy adjustment of performance and high precision. The disadvantage is that the equipment is complicated. Therefore, liquid propellant is mainly used in low-earth orbit satellites, communication satellites, reconnaissance satellites, interstellar probes, interstellar spacecraft and so on all over the world.