Chess, also called China Chess (now translated as Chess). It has a long history in China and belongs to a two-person antagonistic game. Because of its simple equipment and strong interest, it has become a very popular chess activity. China Chess is one of 78 sports events officially launched by China. In order to promote the popularity and promotion of this event in the world, the name of "China Chess" was changed to "Chess". In addition, high-quality chess also has collection value, such as chess made of high-grade wood and jade. More literati write poems for chess, making it more cultural.

Overview of chess

Also known as "incense burner".

1. Ivory chess pieces in the former Liuqinshan Opera. Six black and six white. "Chu Ci evokes the soul": "There are six numbers in chess." Wang Yi's note: "After the banquet, set up six chopsticks, cover them with chopsticks, and use ivory as chess. It's beautiful and kind." Hong Xingzu quoted Humboldt's Jing Bo in his supplementary note: "Twelve pieces, six white pieces and six black pieces."

2. One of the ancient board games, also called Xiang. According to legend, it has existed since the Warring States period. Liu Han said to "Talking about Wanshan": "Yan plays chess and dances with Zheng women." Later, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty made the Elephant Classic and collected hundreds of lectures. It is said that "Xiang Jing" has the image of the sun, the moon and the stars to contain soldiers. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi The militarist recorded a volume of Xiang Jing, which was written by Emperor Wu of Zhou, but this book has not been circulated. The Ancient Chess Map written by Sima Guang in the Song Dynasty is different from today's chess.

It is said that the chess that is popular today was made by Niu Sengru in Tang Dynasty. Carve logs or teeth and bones into 32 pieces, half red and half black. Two people play chess, one is handsome, two are chariots and horses, and five are soldiers; On one side were two generals, two elephants, two chariots, two horses and five cannons killed. When playing chess, both sides play popular chess to win by encircling one of the generals.

China Chess Committee

[Edit this paragraph] Chess history

It is generally believed that chess originated in China.

Dr Joseph Needham, a famous British scholar, clearly pointed out in China's History of Science and Culture that chess is the creation of China people. He analyzed in detail the relationship between China's ancient game-Liubo and astronomy, iconology and mathematics. He said: "Only in China, the prevalence of Yin-Yang theory promoted the emergence of the embryonic form of chess, invented astronomical divination, and then developed into a game with military significance." Later, Soviet scholars published articles in succession, refuting the Indian origin theory. 1972 Yugoslav historian bijiv's monograph "chess-a symbol of the universe" draws the conclusion that chess first appeared in China in 569 AD, and then gradually spread.

Modern chess style was not formed until the Song Dynasty. Cheng Hao, a Neo-Confucianist in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem about chess: "Most people abandon the play, just like turning over a play to learn how to play. There are also Zhou's famous works in chariots and horses, all of which have official Chinese names. The Han army is heavy on all sides, but it is light outside the river, but it laughs at itself with its wrinkles, like Liu Xiang. " There was no mention of guns in his poems, and he was the last one to join. Of course, it was only after China invented gunpowder and firearms that it was reflected in chess.

Chess has a long history in China. During the Warring States period, there have been official records about chess, such as: "Chu Ci evokes the soul" contains "six volumes of chess; Cao Cao goes hand in hand, forcing each other; When you become a cockroach, you will seek it and you will be white. " "Shuo Yuan" contains: Yong Zhoujian said: "The first step is Wang Qian, ... Yan Dou Qi dances Zheng Nv." Therefore, as early as the Warring States period, chess became popular among nobles. According to the above situation and the shape of chess, chess was born in the southern clan areas of China around the Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century). In early China chess, the chess system consisted of three instruments: chess, chopsticks and chessboard. The two sides play chess, with six players on each side, namely: owl, Lu, pheasant, calf and stopper (two pieces). The chess pieces are carved with ivory. Bam, equivalent to dice, must be thrown before playing chess. The chessboard is a square chessboard. In the game, he threw six moves, played six games of chess, fought wits, attacked each other and killed each other. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the military system consisted of five men, one handsome man and six men. At that time, as a military training game, there were also six people on each side. It can be seen that early chess was a game symbolizing the fighting at that time. On the basis of this chess system, a kind of chess called "plug" appeared later, which only played chess without throwing chopsticks, and got rid of the element of winning by luck in early chess.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Sai Opera was quite popular, and it was also called "Wu Ge". The chessboard unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Yunmeng, Hubei Province and the painted wooden figurines unearthed from the Mo Zuizi Han Tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province can reflect the description of the shape of Sai Opera in Bian Shao's Sai Fu in the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, the shape of chess was constantly changing, and it had a communication relationship with India. By the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wudi (reigned in 56 1 ~ 578) wrote Xiang Jing, while Wang Bao wrote Xiang Xu and Xiang Jing Fu, marking the completion of the second major reform of chess. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, chess activities were carried out steadily, which was frequently recorded in history books. Among them, the most important is the narration of Wu Zetian's dream chess in the Shiliju series "Liang Gong Jiu Jian" and the story of Censhun's dream chess in the first year of Baoying (AD 762) in Niu Senru's "The Record of Mysteries". Combining Suzhou brocade decorated with four patterns of "Qin, Qi, Calligraphy and Painting" and bronze chess pieces with figures painted on the back unearthed in Kaifeng, Henan, we can draw the conclusion that the shape of chess in Tang Dynasty is quite similar to that of early chess. The popularity of chess at that time can be seen from many records in poetry legends. The three-volume version of Xiang Bo Xiang's Opera Song may be a work of the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was an era when chess was widely popular, and its form also changed greatly. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Sima Guang's Elephant Drama in Seven Countries, His Elephant Drama Style and Chess, Chao's Elephant Drama Map and other works came out one after another, and Elephant Drama was also deeply loved by the people.

After nearly a hundred years of practice, chess became a modern pattern at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty: 32 pieces, 1 general in black and 65,438 generals in red, 2 chariots, horses, cannons, elephants and scholars, and 5 soldiers. During the Southern Song Dynasty, chess became a household name and a very popular chess activity. Writers such as Li Qingzhao and Liu Kezhuang, politicians such as Hong Zun and Wen Tianxiang all like playing chess. In the "chess to be called" formulated by the court, players account for more than half. There are professionals called "chess players" and craftsmen who play autocratic chess and chessboards. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hong Mai's Chess Classic, Chen's Chess Manual and Chen's Guang Ji also appeared. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, chess continued to be popular among the people, and its technical level was constantly improved. There are many summative theoretical monographs, among which the most important ones are Dreaming, Eighteen Changes of Jin Peng, The Secret of Orange, Shu Ya, Plum Blossom Music, Zhuxiangzhai Chess Manual and so on. Scholars such as Yang Shen, Tang Yin, Lang Ying, Luo Qi and Yuan Mei all like playing chess. The emergence of a large number of famous chess players shows that chess is loved by people from all walks of life. After the founding of New China, chess entered a new stage of development. From 65438 to 0956, chess became a national sport. Since then, national competitions have been held almost every year. 1962 The China Qi Xiang Association, a subsidiary of the All-China Sports Federation, was established, and corresponding subordinate associations were also established in various places. Over the past 40 years, due to the promotion of mass chess activities and competitions, the level of chess has improved rapidly, and outstanding players have emerged, among which the most famous players are Yang Guanlin, Hu Ronghua, Liu Dahua, Zhao Guorong, Li Laiqun, Lv Qin and Xu Yinchuan.

The four major chess games in the world (Weiqi, China Chess, Chess and General Chess) are all related to the political system of this country. The political system reflected by chess is the feudal society in China, and it is almost a microcosm-there are palaces (9 palaces), officials (non-commissioned officers), civil servants (that is, China's chess is like an elephant, and it is forbidden to cross the river), military commanders (cars, horses, guns) and soldiers (soldiers, soldiers).

[Edit this paragraph] Chess

About chess pieces

Chess is a competitive game between two players. Thirty-two chess pieces * * * are divided into two groups, red and black, with sixteen pieces in each group, one for each player. The arms are the same, divided into seven types: commander (general), officer, elephant, car, horse, cannon and soldier (pawn).

The red side is a chess piece.

One handsome, two officials, two photographers, two chariots, two horses and five soldiers.

Black holds the pieces.

There is a general, two men, two elephants, two cars, two horses, five guns and five soldiers on the black side.

Note: among them, handsome, average; Officials and scholars; Phase and image; Soldiers and pawns have exactly the same function, just to distinguish between bonus chess and black chess.

Chess move

Handsome (average)

Red is "handsome" and black is "average"

Handsome harmony will be the head of the chess game and the goal of both sides. It can only move in the "Nine Palaces", up and down, left and right, and can only walk one grid at a time according to the vertical line or horizontal line. Handsome and handsome can't face each other directly on the same straight line, otherwise walking will be judged as negative.

Stone (stone)

Shi (Shi) is the personal bodyguard of the general (Shuai) and can only walk around in Jiugong. Its chess path can only be a diagonal in Jiugong.

Image (phase)

The red edge is "phase" and the black edge is "image".

Xiang's main function is to defend and protect his handsome (general). Its way of walking is to walk two squares diagonally at a time, commonly known as "flying elephant field" Xiang (Xiang) can't cross the river because it is within the "river boundary", and if there is a chess piece in the center of the word "Tian", it can't walk, commonly known as "elephant eye"

vehicle

The car is the best in chess. You can walk horizontally or vertically. As long as there are no obstacles, the number of steps is not limited. Therefore, one car can control 17 points, so it is known as "one car with ten children cool".

big shot

When the gun doesn't eat, it walks exactly like a car. You must play every penny.

horse

The method of riding a horse always walks obliquely, that is, first walk one square horizontally or straight, and then walk obliquely, commonly known as "the horse walks the sun." A horse can choose eight points around it at a time, so it is called "imposing on all sides". If there are other chess pieces blocking the direction of progress, the horse can't walk past, commonly known as "jumping the horse's legs."

Soldier (pawn)

Red is a soldier and black is a pawn.

Soldiers (pawns) can only move forward step by step before crossing the river. After crossing the river, they are allowed to move left and right, but only one step at a time. Even so, the power of soldiers (pawns) has been greatly enhanced, so there is a saying that "pawns cross the river and half a car".

Strength value of chess pieces

Car: The most powerful chess piece can move quickly on the chessboard line, and it is very convenient to eat and move, so the overall value is very high, and its strength is equivalent to double horses, double cannons and horse cannons. The evaluation is 10. Suitable for short-range, medium-range and long-range operations.

Cannon: Because of its "artillery hitting the partition", it is mostly used to contain and facilitate cooperation with submarines (mainly cars). In the endgame, you must rely on the official power to attack and defend (commonly known as "the endgame gun comes home"). He has more guns in the opening and middle games, and his strength is slightly higher than that of the horse. Give him five points at this time. There are fewer "gun racks" in the endgame, and the strength is correspondingly weakened. However, they rely on officials to defend better than horses (for example, bicycles can beat horses and double stones, but it is difficult to fight), so "peace is easy to discipline guns" and give them 4.5 points at this time. Its strength is equal to one horse, two officials, two phases, one official and one phase.

Ma: Medium-range combat weapon. Contrary to the cannon, because of the "bounce", when the force is small, the force is stronger than the cannon. Because of this nature, it is easy to jump into the light, but it is not good to keep the edge. Its strength is equivalent to one gun, two phases, two officials, one official and one phase.

Soldier: At the beginning, because we can only move forward, there is almost no attack power, but it has limited effect on clearing the way for our army and limiting the enemy's roads. Give it 0.5 points. You can turn after crossing the river, and your power is greatly increased when you approach the enemy's ninth house. Therefore, there are sayings such as "Little soldier crossing the river is a top car" and "Little soldier crossing the river is a half car". At the end of the game, the strength of both sides is less, and the role of soldiers is revealed. High-ranking soldiers crossing the river will get 3 points. Soldiers crossing the river are equivalent to one officer and one phase. Be careful not to sink easily.

Official and phase: a defensive pawn, an official equals a phase. In the opening stage, the veteran was not easy to be attacked and scored 2 points for him. Because of this, ordinary people don't like to use horses (guns) to deal with officials from the beginning. In the end, the goal is veteran. At this time, there is an urgent need for official protection. At the same time, officials can also cooperate with firearms to attack and defend or idle to prevent being trapped. Therefore, unless you take advantage, don't abandon your official easily. Give him three points at this time. Remember: if you lack an official, you need to change cars, and if you lack a suitable gun, you need to change. Huaneng can prevent cars, and Zhonglian can prevent guns. Being an official is suitable for Zhonglian, and it is not easy to separate.

Shuai: The goal of the whole chess game needs the protection of our chess pieces. Don't move at first, lest you ask for trouble. Handsome assists can be made when the final game is safe, such as "iron gate bolt"

[Edit this paragraph] Chessboard

The place where the chess pieces move is called a chessboard. On a rectangular plane, nine parallel vertical lines intersect with ten parallel horizontal lines, and * * * has ninety intersections.

Chess pieces are placed at the intersection. The middle part, that is, the blank area without vertical lines between the fifth and sixth horizontal lines of the chessboard, is called the square between the two ends of the "river boundary", that is, the square between the fourth and sixth vertical lines at both ends, and it is called "Jiugong" (there are exactly nine intersections).

The whole chessboard is divided into two equal parts by the river boundary. In order to record the game and learn chess, the current rules stipulate that each vertical line of the red side is represented by chinese numerals 1-9 from right to left, and each vertical line of the black side is represented by Arabic numerals' 1' ~' 9'. Before the game starts, the red and black sides should put the chess pieces in the designated position. Every step of any chess piece, walking sideways like a car, writes "advance", "retreat" and "flat".

"Chuhe Hanjie" refers to the gap in Guangwu Mountain on the south bank of the Yellow River in Xingyang City, Henan Province. Mizoguchi is about 800 meters wide and 200 meters deep, which is an ancient military place. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Chu and Han contended, and Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and Xiang Yu, the overlord of the Western Chu Dynasty, fought alone in Xingyang. For various reasons, Xiang Yu "met with Han and divided the world into Han in the west and Chu in the east", and the gap became the boundary between Chu and Han. Now, on both sides of the gap, it is the site of the confrontation between the two armies, with Wang Ba City in the east and Hanwang City in the west. Now the overlord city in the Han Dynasty is in danger of collapse, and the relevant departments are defending the ancient battlefield of our country.