Fourier believes that human society should conform to the general laws, all social processes have ups and downs, and every historical stage has ups and downs. There is no pure society, and every society has the remnants of the old system and the bud of the new system. The development of society from low level to high level cannot stay in a historical stage for a long time. He regarded the capitalist system at that time as a stage in historical development and must be replaced by a higher social system. According to the nature of production, Fourier divided human society into primitive period, obscurantism period, patriarchal clan system, barbarism system, civilization system, security system, cooperation system and harmony system.
Fourier mercilessly criticized the capitalist system, exposed the hypocrisy of bourgeois equality, freedom and fraternity, and pointed out that capitalist factories are "moderate prisons", wage labor is the resurrection of slavery, economic crisis is the "polycythemia crisis" caused by overproduction, and poverty is caused by wealth.
Fourier's ideal society is a "harmonious society", and the basic unit of society is a self-sufficient and independent "Frangi". Frankie is a cooperative group of production and consumption envisaged by Fourier. In order to raise funds by investing in shares, both workers and bourgeois can participate in shares, and everyone participates in labor. On the basis of labor, capital and ability (including knowledge), distribution is made according to a certain proportion. He believes that Frangi can distribute wealth more rationally than the capitalist system and can be adopted by any political system, including the monarchy. Fourier's theory had already played a progressive role in criticizing the capitalist system and inspiring workers' consciousness at that time, but he dreamed of realizing his ideal society through propaganda, persuasion and demonstration. He established cooperative immigrant areas in France, especially in the United States, and the result ended in failure. 1837 10 10 died in Paris. His main works are Four Kinds of Motion Theory (1808), Universe Unity Theory (1822), New Industrial World (1829) and Pseudo-Industry (1835-/kloc-). He also founded the weekly Franji and the periodical Industrial Reform.
Fourier: jean baptiste joseph fourier, French mathematician and physicist. /kloc-0 was born in Oszer in March, 768, and/kloc-0 died in Paris in May, 830. Fourier was born a commoner, and his father was a tailor. At the age of 9, his parents died and he was adopted by the local church. /kloc-when he was 0/2 years old, he was sent to the local military school by the church, showing his special interest in mathematics. /kloc-returned to his hometown to teach mathematics at the age of 0/7. 1794 went to Paris to become the first batch of teachers in higher normal schools. 1798 went on an expedition to Egypt with Napoleon, and later served as the secretary of the Institute of Military Literature and Egypt. 180 1 returned to China and served as the local governor of Izel province. 18 17 was elected as an academician of the academy of sciences, and 1822 served as the lifelong secretary of the academy of sciences.
Fourier's scientific achievements mainly lie in his research on heat conduction, and he established a set of mathematical theories on heat propagation. Almost all the work in this field is written into his book "Theory of Thermal Analysis", which is an epoch-making classic, solves the problem of heat distribution and propagation in inhomogeneous heated solids, is one of the earliest examples of the application of analytical science in physics, and has a far-reaching impact on the development of mathematics and physics in the19th century. The famous heat conduction equation is derived in the book. When solving this equation, it is found that the solution function can be expressed in the form of series composed of trigonometric functions, thus it is proposed that any function can be expanded into infinite series of trigonometric functions. It is an important historical document that records the birth of Fourier series and Fourier integral. Fourier series, Fourier integral and Fourier transform named after him are given in the book.
Fourier was honest all his life. He gave selfless support and sincere encouragement to many young mathematicians and scientists, thus winning their loyalty and love and becoming their best friends. Fourier firmly believes that mathematics is the most outstanding tool to solve practical problems, and "the profound study of nature is the richest source of mathematical discovery". Fourier's research results are typical mathematical beauty. Engels compared Fourier's mathematical achievements with Hegel's dialectics, a philosopher whom he admired. He wrote: Fourier is a poem of mathematics, and Hegel is a poem of dialectics.