Pythagoras was an ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher. He proved by deduction that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of two right angles, that is, the Pythagorean Theorem. Pythagoras did a lot of research on number theory, and divided natural numbers into odd numbers, even numbers, prime numbers, perfect numbers, square numbers, triangular numbers and pentagonal numbers. In geometry, Pythagoras school proved that "the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles", studied the golden section, discovered the practice of regular pentagons and similar polygons, and proved that there are only five regular polyhedrons.

(2) Euclid

Euclid was a famous mathematician in ancient Greece and was called "the father of geometry". His most famous work, The Elements of Geometry, is the foundation of European mathematics. The great significance of his work lies in systematically sorting out and summarizing the mathematical achievements of predecessors, and constructing the elementary geometric knowledge based on some axioms into a strict system with strict deductive logic.

(3) Archimedes

Archimedes was an ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, physicist and mechanic, and the founder of statics and hydrostatics. He correctly deduced the formulas for calculating the volume and surface area of spheres and cylinders, and put forward the methods for calculating the parabolic and arcuate areas, the most famous of which is the method for calculating the area of archimedean spiral. Archimedes was also the founder of calculus. He systematically and strictly proved the lever law and laid the foundation of statics. He thinks that the earth is spherical and revolves around the sun. He wrote some mathematical works, such as the measurement of spheres and cylinders, circles, the quadrature of parabolas, and mechanical works, such as the balance of figures, floats, levers and principles.

④ Copernicus

Copernicus was a Polish astronomer, the founder of Heliocentrism and the founder of modern astronomy. After long-term astronomical observation and research, he founded a more scientific system of cosmic structure-Heliocentrism, which broke through medieval theological dogma, fundamentally changed people's view of the universe and caused a great revolution in natural science. He is also the author of Heliocentrism's theory of celestial motion.

5 Galileo

Galileo was a great Italian physicist and astronomer and a pioneer of the scientific revolution. Galileo first integrated mathematics, physics and astronomy on the basis of scientific experiments, which expanded, deepened and changed human understanding of material movement and the universe. Galileo devoted his life to proving and spreading Copernicus' Heliocentrism. He made a telescope with a magnification of 33 times and used it to observe the sun, moon and stars. He is also the author of Star Messenger and Letters about Sunspots.

(6) Kepler

Kepler is a German astronomer and the founder of the laws of planetary motion. Kepler compiled Rudolph's catalogue after a lot of calculations, listing the positions of 1005 stars. Until the middle of18th century, Rudolph's catalog was still regarded as a treasure by astronomers and navigators. Kepler's main works are 163 1 year's Secrets of the Universe, Optics and Strange Astronomy.

(7) Boyle

Boyle is an encyclopedic scholar who has studied in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, philosophy, theology and other fields. In his book "Skeptical Chemist", he clearly pointed out that the definition of elements should be the general name of the same kind of atoms with the same nuclear charge number. Boyle made acid-base test paper and litmus test paper commonly used in experiments, and he also made some achievements in studying phosphorus and phosphide.

(8) Huygens

Huygens is a Dutch physicist, astronomer and mathematician. Titan (Saturn's largest satellite) was discovered with a new telescope in 1655, and has been famous ever since. He also discovered Saturn's rings and identified some stars in the Orion Nebula. In physics, Huygens also studied the vibration of a simple pendulum and founded the wave theory of light, which made important contributions to the establishment of the concept of centripetal force and the study of aurora.

(9) Hooke

Hook is a British physicist and astronomer. Hooke's law is one of Hooke's most important discoveries and one of the most important basic laws of elasticity. Hooke supported the wave theory of light and further put forward the concept that light wave is shear wave. Hook once designed a large-scale "climate clock", which can measure and record wind, direction, temperature, pressure, humidity and rainfall. The author of microphotography.

(10) Newton

Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer and natural philosopher. In his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, he described gravity and three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the scientific viewpoint of physics in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering.

(1 1) Leibniz

Leibniz is an important natural scientist, mathematician, physicist, historian and philosopher in Germany, a rare scientific genius in the world, and the founder of calculus with Newton. Leibniz made a computer that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root operations, and systematically proposed a binary algorithm. At the same time, he was the first to put forward that the conservation of energy is a universal physical principle, which fully proved the view that perpetual motion machine is impossible.

Franklin

Franklin was an American physicist, inventor, social activist and politician in the18th century. For the first time, he scientifically expressed the essence of charge with the concepts of positive charge and negative charge, and put forward the view that charge can neither be created nor destroyed. On this basis, later generations discovered the law of conservation of charge. He has a series of inventions, such as new stoves, lightning rods, electric wheels, three-wheel clocks, bifocal glasses and automatic barbecue machines.

(13) lomonosov

Lomonosov is a Russian chemist, philosopher, linguist and poet. Because of his many contributions in the history of Russian science, especially the systematic editing of the law of conservation of mass and Russian grammar, he is known as "Peter the Great in the history of Russian science" and is the founder of Russian materialist philosophy and natural science.

(14) cavendish

Cavendish is an English chemist and physicist. He studied the composition of air, determined the composition of water and discovered nitric acid. He found that the force between a pair of charges was inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, which was later part of Coulomb's law. The concept of electric potential was first put forward by cavendish, who also suggested that the electric potential on a conductor is proportional to the current passing through it. In physics, his main achievement is to verify Newton's law of universal gravitation through the torsion balance experiment, and to determine the gravitational constant and the average density of the earth.

(15) Coulomb

Coulomb is a French engineer and physicist. During the period of 1785 ~ 1789, the electrostatic and magnetic forces were measured with a torsion balance, and the famous Coulomb's law was derived. Coulomb's law makes the study of electromagnetism from qualitative to quantitative, which is an important milestone in the history of electromagnetism. 1779 Coulomb based on the analysis of friction, put forward the scientific theory about lubricant, and designed the underwater operation method, which is similar to the modern caisson.

(16) Watt

Watt is a famous British inventor. He made a double-acting steam engine that pushed the piston from both sides. The British government granted Watt a patent certificate for manufacturing steam engines. He devoted his life to the study of steam engines and made great contributions to the progress of science and technology and society.

(17) lavoisier

Lavoisier is a French chemist and one of the founders of modern chemistry. Lavoisier and others jointly formulated the naming principle of chemical species, established a new classification system of chemical species, and expounded the law of conservation of mass and its application in chemistry. His masterpiece is Introduction to Chemistry.

(18) Walter

Volta is an Italian physicist. 1774 invented the electric plate, which is a device that uses the principle of electrostatic induction to provide electricity. The main achievement of Volta is the invention of Volta reactor, which enables scientists to conduct various electrical research with relatively large continuous current and promotes the great progress of electrical research. 1787, he invented the sensitive wheat straw electrometer, 1776, he discovered biogas, and he also invented the gas combustion meter.

(19) Laplace

Laplace is a French mathematician and astronomer, the main founder of celestial mechanics, one of the founders of celestial evolution, the founder of analytical probability theory and the pioneer of applied mathematics. Laplace mathematically proved that the orbital size of the planet only changes periodically, which is the famous Laplace theorem. Famous works include Celestial Mechanics, Cosmic System Theory and Probability Analysis Theory. He is known as "Newton of France" and "Father of Celestial Mechanics" for his research on the stability dynamics of the solar system.

Fulton

Fulton is a famous American engineer. 1807, he built the world's first steam engine ship "clermont", which was a pioneer of ships in the world and made outstanding contributions to the development of human navigation.

(2 1) Dalton

Dalton is an English chemist and physicist. He put forward atomism, the first one devoted to the determination of atomic weight, and discovered the law of partial pressure of each gas in mixed gases. He was also the first scientist to discover the phenomenon of color blindness. He is the author of New System of Chemical Philosophy, Meteorological Observation and Research, etc.

(XXII) Thomas Young

Thomas Young is a British physicist, doctor and one of the founders of light wave theory. He made the famous Young's interference experiment, which is the first work of wave optics revival and one of the classic experiments in physics. He explained the origin of Newton's ring and the color of the film with his own interference principle, and was the first to measure the wavelength of seven colors of light, thus completely confirming the periodicity of light and finding another powerful evidence for the wave theory of light. In 1793, he proposed that the human eye can observe objects at different distances by adjusting the curvature of the eyeball lens.

23 amps

Ampere, a French physicist, has made outstanding achievements in the study of electromagnetic action and also contributed to mathematics and chemistry. Ampere, the international unit of current, is named after its surname. The most important achievement of Ampere is the study of electromagnetic action from 1820 to 1827. 1827, Ampere incorporated his research on electromagnetic phenomena into the book Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamics Phenomenon, which is an important classical treatise in the history of electromagnetism and has a far-reaching influence on the future development of electromagnetism.

(24) Oster

Oster is a Danish physicist. 18 12 years, he first put forward the view that there is a connection between light and electromagnetism. 1in April of 820, he discovered the effect of current on the magnetic needle, that is, the magnetic effect of current. On July 2 1820 and July 2 1, he published his own findings on the topic of "charged collision experiment of magnetic needle", which opened up a new field of physics-electromagnetism.

(25) Faraday

Faraday is a famous British physicist and chemist. The metallographic analysis method was pioneered. Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide and chlorine gas were liquefied by low-temperature pressurization, and benzene was found at 1825. 183 1 year, he discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and made a deep study. 1833 ~ 1834 discovered the law of electrolysis and created a new subject field of electrochemistry.

(26) Kano

Cano is a French physicist and military engineer. 1824 published his masterpiece "On the Power of Fire and Machines Powered by Fire". Carnot used the research method of ideal model brilliantly, carefully conceived an idealized heat engine-Carnot reversible heat engine (hereinafter referred to as Carnot heat engine), put forward Carnot cycle and Carnot theorem as the important theoretical basis of thermodynamics, and theoretically solved the fundamental way to improve the efficiency of heat engine.

(27) Henry

Henry is an American physicist. His greatest contribution is that he discovered self-inductance in 1832. 1842, Henry installed a spark gap device in the laboratory. Although the experiment of radio wave propagation was more than 40 years earlier than Hertz's experiment, people at that time, including Henry himself, didn't realize the significance of this experiment.

(28) Schleiden

Schleiden is a German botanist and one of the founders of cell theory. Schleiden believes that in any plant, cells are the basic components of the structure, lower plants are composed of single cells, and higher plants are composed of many cells. Schleiden also recognized the importance of the nucleus and observed that the nucleus is related to cell division. He was one of the first German biologists to accept Darwin's theory of evolution. 1838, Schleiden put forward the theory about the life characteristics, physiological process and physiological state of cells, which marked the establishment of a more systematic cell theory.

(29) Darwin

Darwin was a British biologist and the founder of the theory of evolution. 1859, he published the Origin of Species, which shocked the academic circles at that time. In the book, a large number of materials prove that all kinds of organisms are constantly developing and changing from simple to complex and from low to high in the process of heredity, variation, survival competition and natural selection.

(30) Wang Shi

Wang Shi, a German physiologist and one of the founders of cell theory, is generally regarded as the founder of modern histology (the study of the organizational structure of animals and plants). 1836, in the experiment of corruption and fermentation, he accidentally discovered that yeast must have participated in fermentation, and in the same year, he also discovered digestive enzymes. Wang Shi's most important work is microscopic research, that is, microscopic research on the consistency of the structure and growth of animals and plants, which shows that animals and plants are composed of cells.

(3 1) Bernard

Bernard is a French physiologist and one of the founders of experimental medicine. His important contributions to physiology and medicine are: he found that pancreatic juice can decompose fat into fatty acids and glycerol, glycogen in liver has synthetic function, blood vessels and motor nerves can regulate blood supply, and he also found the functional properties of toxic substances such as curare and carbon monoxide. His book Introduction to Experimental Medical Research laid the methodological foundation of modern experimental physiology and was regarded as a milestone in the history of physiological development.

(32) Joule

British physicist Joule summed up Joule-Lenz Law and measured the equivalent value of thermal work. In order to commemorate his outstanding contributions in thermodynamics and electricity, later generations referred to the unit of energy or work as "Joule" or "Coke".

(33) Mendel

Mendel is an Austrian geneticist, the "father of modern genetics" and the founder of genetics. He conducted pea hybridization experiments from 1856 to 1864, and put forward the genetic law of 1865.

(34) Pasteur

Pasteur was a French chemist, microbiologist and founder of microbiology. He believes that fermentation is the anaerobic respiration of yeast, and controlling their living conditions is the key link in wine making. He invented the "pasteurization method" to kill lactobacillus, which is still in use today. Pasteur invented many things in his life and made outstanding contributions to biological science and medicine.

(35) Clausius

Clausius is a German physicist and one of the main founders of thermodynamics. Clausius' most famous achievement is that he put forward the second law of thermodynamics. 1850, he obtained the clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics; 1854, clausius put forward the concept of entropy; 1857 puts forward the hypothesis that gas molecules rotate around themselves; 1858, clausius deduced the average free path formula of gas molecules through research.

degrees Kelvin (K)

Kelvin is an outstanding British physicist and inventor. He is one of the main founders of thermodynamics, and founded the thermodynamic temperature scale in 1848. 185 1 year, he proposed the Kelvin expression of the second law of thermodynamics. 1852, he and Joule discovered Joule-Thomson effect, which became one of the main methods to obtain low temperature and was widely used in low temperature technology. 1856, he predicted a new thermoelectric effect. 1875, he predicted that cities would use electric lighting, 1879, he proposed the possibility of long-distance power transmission. 188 1 year, he reformed the motor.

(37) Maxwell

Maxwell was a great British physicist and mathematician. The electromagnetic field theory he established unifies electricity, magnetism and light, which is the most brilliant achievement of physics development in the19th century and one of the greatest complexes in the history of science. He predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, and this theory was fully verified by experiments.

Nobel Prize

Nobel is a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist, and the founder of the Nobel Prize. He made outstanding contributions to applied chemistry. Nobel made many inventions in his life and obtained 255 patents, including 129 for explosives alone.

Mendeleev (39)

Mendeleev is a Russian chemist. He put forward the periodic law of elements in 1869, published the first periodic table of elements in the world, and wrote a book "Principles of Chemistry".

(40) Boltzmann

Boltzmann is an Austrian physicist and one of the founders of statistical mechanics. He developed Maxwell's theory of molecular motion, linked the entropy and probability of physical systems, expounded the statistical properties of the second law of thermodynamics, and led to the theory of energy equipartition (Maxwell-Boltzmann law). He first applied the principle of thermodynamics to radiation and deduced the law of thermal radiation.

(4 1) Roentgen

Roentgen is a German physicist. It has made some contributions to the study of magnetic effect of dielectric motion, specific heat capacity of gas, thermal conductivity of crystal, pyroelectric and piezoelectric phenomena, rotation of light, photoelectric relationship, elasticity of matter and capillary phenomenon in charged capacitors. Because of the discovery of X-rays, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 190 1 year.

42. Edison

Edison is a world-famous American electrician and inventor, and is known as the "king of invention". There were about 2,000 inventions in his life, including phonograph, electric light, telephone, telegraph and film, which made great contributions to human civilization and progress.

43 Hz

Hertz is a German physicist and one of the founders of classical electrodynamics. Hertz's greatest contribution to mankind is to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves by experiments. He found a way to develop radio, television and radar. 1889, Hertz clearly pointed out that light is a kind of electromagnetic phenomena.

(44) tsiolkovsky

Tsiolkovsky is a Russian scientist, the founder of modern astronautics and rocket theory, and is called "the father of rockets". "Using Jet Tools to Study Space" expounds the theory of rocket flight, the idea and schematic diagram of the first liquid fuel rocket, and explains the conditions for the rocket to fly in interstellar space and take off from the ground. 1929 He proposed the structure of multistage rocket. He also wrote many popular science and science fiction works, among which The Call of the Universe and Beyond the Earth are his representative works.

(45) Morgan

Morgan is an American embryologist and geneticist. He discovered the genetic mechanism of chromosomes and founded the theory of chromosome inheritance. He is the founder of modern experimental biology. 1933, Morgan won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.

(46) Planck

Planck is a German physicist, the pioneer and founder of quantum physics, and the winner of the 19 18 Nobel Prize in Physics. Planck's great achievement is the creation of quantum theory, which is a great change in the history of physics. 1900, Planck deduced the blackbody radiation formula.

Madame Curie

Marie Curie, French female physicist and chemist. 1903, pierre curie and Henry Bekkerel won the nobel prize in physics,1910/year, and they won the nobel prize in chemistry for their achievements in radiochemistry. The greatest achievement of her life is to prove the existence of radioactive radium and isolate it.

(48) Rutherford

Rutherford was a British physicist and one of the greatest experimental physicists in the 20th century. He demonstrated the nuclear model of the atom, which put the study of atomic structure on the right track and was known as the "father of atomic physics". The realization of artificial nuclear reaction is another great contribution of Rutherford.

(49) Einstein

Einstein is a world-famous Jewish-American scientist, the pioneer and founder of modern physics. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmology. He founded relativistic cosmology, introduced cosmological principles, curved space and other new concepts, and promoted the development of modern astronomy.

(50) Wei Gena

Wei Gena is a German meteorologist, geophysicist and the founder of continental drift theory. He published the book Origin of Land and Sea in 19 15, which systematically expounded the theory of continental drift.

(5 1) Bohr

Bohr is a Danish physicist, the founder of atomic physics, and the winner of 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics. He established the quantum theory of atoms, which opened the door for human beings to understand the structure of atoms for the first time and opened the way for modern physics research.

Hubble telescope

Hubble, an American astronomer, is one of the most famous people who study the theory of modern universe. He discovered the existence of extragalactic galaxies and the expansion of the universe. He is the founder of extragalactic astronomy and the first person to provide evidence of the expansion of the universe.

(53) Hawking

Hawking is a professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge University. He is the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist. He is known as the greatest scientist and "the king of the universe" today. Hawking once proved the famous singularity theorem with Penrose, and * * * 1988 won the Wolff Prize in Physics, so it is known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. He also proved the area theorem of black holes, that is, the area of black holes does not decrease with the increase of time. His representative works include A Brief History of Time and The Universe in the Shell.