Euler:
Euler was the best mathematician in18th century and one of the greatest mathematicians in history.
Euler liked mathematics very much since he was a child, and began to teach himself algebra when he was 10. /kloc-He went to college at the age of 0/3 and got a bachelor's degree in university of basel two years later.
The following year, he obtained a master's degree in philosophy from university of basel. 1725, Euler came to Petersburg and began his mathematics career.
1733, at the age of 26, Euler became a professor of mathematics at the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg. Overworking made him suffer from eye diseases, and he was blind in his right eye at the age of 28. 174 1 year, Euler went to Berlin to be the director of the Institute of Physical Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1766, he returned to work in Petersburg. Soon, his vision in his left eye decreased and he was completely blind.
The heavy blow still didn't make Euler fall. He studied with amazing perseverance, memory and mental arithmetic until his death. During the 17 years after his blindness, he also dictated several books and about 400 papers. After the fire burned almost all his works, Euler dictated all these papers and revised them within a year.
Euler's profound knowledge and rich works are amazing! He published papers from the age of 19 until the age of 76, and wrote a lot of books and papers in his life. It can be said that Euler is the most prolific outstanding mathematician in the history of science. According to statistics, he wrote 886 books and papers, and the Petersburg Academy of Sciences has been busy for 47 years in order to sort out his works. Today, Euler's name can be seen in almost every field of mathematics, from Euler line of elementary geometry, euler theorem of polyhedron, Euler transformation formula of solid analytic geometry, Euler solution of quartic equation to Euler function in number theory, Euler equation of differential equation, Euler constant of series theory, Euler equation of variational method, Euler formula of complex variable function and so on. And the number is countless. His contribution to mathematical analysis is more original. Introduction to infinitesimal analysis is his epoch-making masterpiece, and mathematicians called him "the embodiment of analysis" at that time. Gauss (1777- 1855), a great mathematician in the 9th century, once said: "Studying Euler's works is always the best way to understand mathematics." Laplace, a famous mathematician. "
Euler's life is a life of struggle for the development of mathematics. His outstanding wisdom, tenacious perseverance, tireless spirit of struggle and noble scientific ethics are always worth learning.
Archimedes:
Great ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and physicist, founder of statics and hydrostatics. Born in Syracuse, Sicily. I have been good at thinking and arguing since I was a child. I traveled to ancient Egypt in my early years and studied in Alexandria. Archimedes's father was an astronomer and mathematician, so he was influenced by his family and loved mathematics very much.
Give me a fulcrum, and I can move the earth.
Archimedes' geometric works are the pinnacle of Greek mathematics. He harmoniously combined Euclid's strict reasoning method with Plato's transcendental rich imagination, and reached the state of perfection and beauty, thus "making the calculus cultivated by Kepler, cavalieri, Fermat, Newton and Leibniz more and more perfect". Archimedes is a great mathematician and mechanic and enjoys the reputation of "the father of mechanics". The reason is that he discovered the lever principle through a lot of experiments, and then deduced many lever propositions through geometric derivation and gave strict proofs. Among them is the famous Archimedes principle, and he has made brilliant achievements in mathematics, especially in geometry. His mathematical thought contains the idea of calculus. What he lacks is the concept of limit, but its essence extends to the field of infinitesimal analysis, and it is maturing in the17th century, which predicts the birth of calculus.
It is said that when Roman soldiers entered the city, Commander-in-Chief Maceiras, out of admiration for Archimedes' talent, ordered that the saint should not be harmed. Archimedes didn't seem to know that the city had been breached, and he was addicted to mathematics.
A Roman soldier suddenly appeared in front of him and ordered him to go to Maceiras. Archimedes sternly refused, so Archimedes unfortunately died by the soldiers' sword.
Another way of saying it: Roman soldiers broke into Archimedes' house and saw an old man burying his head in a geometric figure on the ground (another way of saying it is that he was painting on the beach). When the soldiers trampled on the graphics, Archimedes angrily rebuked the soldiers: "Don't destroy my circle!" " The soldier pulled out his dagger, and the great scientist was killed by the ignorant Roman soldiers.
Maceiras was deeply saddened by Archimedes' death. He executed the soldier who killed Archimedes as a murderer and built a mausoleum for Archimedes. According to Archimedes' wishes, the tombstone is engraved with the geometric figure of "cylindrical ball".
Newton:
Isaac newton (1643 ~ 1727) is a great physicist, astronomer and mathematician, and the founder of the classical mechanical system.
Newton was a premature baby, weighing only three pounds at birth. The midwife and his relatives are worried about whether he will survive. His father died three months before Newton was born. When he was two years old, his mother remarried to a priest and left Newton to his grandmother. 1 1 years old, my mother's stephusband died, and my mother returned to Newton with a son and two daughters born with her stepfather. Newton was taciturn and stubborn since childhood, which may come from his family situation.
From about the age of five, Newton was sent to public schools. Newton was not a child prodigy when he was a teenager. He has average qualifications and average grades, but he likes reading books, reading books that introduce various simple mechanical model making methods, and being inspired by them, he makes some strange gadgets by himself, such as windmills, wooden clocks, folding lanterns and so on.
Legend has it that young Newton made a model of the mill after thoroughly understanding the mechanical principle of the windmill. He tied the mouse to a treadmill with wheels, and then put a corn in front of the wheel, just out of the mouse's reach. The mouse wants to eat corn, so it keeps running, so the wheel keeps turning; Once again, when he was flying a kite, he hung a small lamp on the rope. In the evening, the villagers were surprised to find that a comet appeared. He also made a small water clock. Every morning, the water bell will automatically drop water on his face to wake him up. He also likes painting and carving, especially carving sundials. His sundial was placed in the corner of his house and everywhere on the windowsill to observe the movement of the shadow.
Newton entered Grantham Middle School not far from home at the age of 12. Newton's mother had hoped that he would become a farmer, but Newton himself had no intention of doing so and loved reading. As he grew older, Newton became more and more fond of reading, meditating and doing small scientific experiments. When he was studying in Grantham Middle School, he lived in a pharmacist's house, which influenced him by chemical experiments.
Later, forced by life, his mother asked Newton to drop out of school and farm at home to support his family. But Newton buried a book whenever he had the chance, so that he often forgot to work. Every time, when his mother told him to go to the market with his servant and get familiar with the trade business, he begged the servant to go shopping alone, while he hid behind a tree and read a book. Once, Newton's uncle became suspicious and followed Newton to the listed town. He found his nephew sprawled on the grass, absorbed in a math problem. Newton's studious spirit touched his uncle, so he persuaded his mother to let Newton go back to school and encouraged him to go to college. Newton went back to school and drew nutrition from books.
16 1 year, 19-year-old Newton entered Trinity College of Cambridge University as a tuition fee waiver, and paid for his tuition by doing chores for the college. 1664 became a scholarship winner, and 1665 received his bachelor's degree.
From 1665 to 1666, Newton returned to his hometown during the two years of plague epidemic in London. Newton was brilliant in the past two years and made many inventions. /kloc-0 returned to Cambridge university in June 667, and obtained the master's degree in July 668. 1669, Barrow recommended 26-year-old Newton to replace Professor Lucas, 1672 became a member of the Royal Society, and 1703 became the lifelong president of the Royal Society. 1699 Director of Mint. 170 1 year, he resigned from Cambridge university. He was knighted on 1705 for his contribution to the reform of the currency system. Newton died in Kensington on 1727, and his body was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Newton's great achievements are inseparable from his efforts and diligence. His assistant H. Newton said, "He seldom goes to bed before two or three o'clock, and sometimes works until five or six o'clock. I often live in the laboratory for five or six weeks in spring and autumn until I finish my experiments. " He has a habit of persisting for a long time and concentrating on solving a problem completely. When answering people's questions about his insight into things, he said "keep thinking". This is his main feature. There are many stories about this: when he was young, he once led a cow up the mountain and read a book, only to find that there was only one rope in his hand when he got home; Cooking eggs regularly while reading will cause the watch and eggs to boil together in the pot; Once, he invited a friend to dinner at home, but he worked in the laboratory and forgot to eat or sleep. Repeatedly urged, he still didn't come out. When a friend finished eating a chicken and there was a pile of bones left on the plate, Newton remembered, but after seeing the bones on the plate, he suddenly said, "I thought I didn't eat, so I have already eaten."
Newton's achievements were most completely summarized by Engels in England in the18th century: "Newton founded scientific astronomy because he invented the law of universal gravitation, scientific optics because he decomposed light, scientific mathematics because he founded binomial theorem and infinite theory, and scientific mechanics because he knew the nature of force".
Gauss:
A famous German mathematician, physicist, astronomer and geologist. He is known as the prince of mathematics.
Gauss is the son of an ordinary couple. His mother is the daughter of a poor stonemason. Clever as she is, she has no education and is almost illiterate. Before becoming Gauss's father's second wife, she was a maid. His father used to be a gardener, a foreman, an assistant to a businessman and an appraiser of a small insurance company. It has become an anecdote that Gauss was able to correct his father's debt account when he was three years old. He once said that he learned to calculate on Macon's pile of things. Being able to perform complex calculations in his mind is a gift from God for his life.
Gauss worked out the tasks assigned by primary school teachers in a short time: the sum of natural numbers from 1 to 100. His method is: sum 50 pairs of sequences with the structure of sum 10 1 to (1+ 100, 2+99, 3+98 ...), and get the result: 5050. This year, Gauss was 9 years old. However, according to more detailed mathematical history, Gauss solved not only 1 plus 100, but also a arithmetic progression.
When Gauss 12 years old, he began to doubt the basic proof in element geometry. When he was 16 years old, it was predicted that a completely different geometry would inevitably be produced outside Euclidean geometry. He derived the general form of binomial theorem, successfully applied it to infinite series and developed the theory of mathematical analysis.
Gauss's achievements cover all fields of mathematics, and he has made pioneering contributions in number theory, non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, hypergeometric series, complex variable function theory, elliptic function theory and so on. He attached great importance to the application of mathematics, and emphasized the use of mathematical methods in the research of astronomy, geodesy and magnetism.