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Mathematician Hua

Hua (1910.11985.6.12) is a world-famous mathematician, who has made an analysis of China's analytic number theory, matrix geometry, gauge groups and self-safety function theory. 191012 was born in Jintan county, Jiangsu province, China. 1985 June 12, died of a heart attack in Tokyo, Japan. The international mathematical research achievements named after Fahrenheit include Fahrenheit theorem, Huai-Hua inequality, Fahrenheit inequality, Prawell-Gardiner theorem, Fahrenheit operator, Hua-Wang method and so on. Raul Xiong Fei, a famous mathematician, said, "He is one of the top mathematicians in the world because of his extensive research. Perhaps more people are directly influenced by him than any mathematician in history. " The existence of Hua is comparable to the outstanding value of any great mathematician. "

Ha Zeng: "Hua was one of the internationally famous mathematicians of his time."

Klada: "Hua Luogeng formed China mathematics."

American number theorist Lemmer said: "China has an incredible ability to seize the best work of others and accurately point out the ways in which these results can be improved." He has his own skills. He read widely and mastered all the commanding heights of number theory in the 20th century. His main interest is to improve the whole field. He tried to promote every result he encountered. "

Qiu Chengtong: "Sir ... started to study in Tsinghua from Jiangnan. Wandering around the world, from Hardy, visiting Russian teachers and visiting the United States. Innovation and change, knowing each other. Prime number of pile foundation, complex variable and multivariate. Elegant and colorful, reflect each other. Ordinary people in autumn, become a family, stand out from the crowd, who is it, and her husband ... "

Mr. Wang Yuan said that from the field of mathematics, it can be roughly divided into two parts: one is analysis and the other is algebra. Most mathematicians generally only make contributions in one field, such as myself, that is, in analysis; But China has made great contributions in two aspects. On the other hand, mathematics is divided into pure mathematics and applied mathematics, and Hua has made great contributions to both.

Wu Yaozu: "Mr. Hua is very talented and studious. He is proficient in Chinese and foreign studies, with profound knowledge and many books. His life, work and contribution can be seen from the extensive mathematical fields he has experienced, which can be discussed in depth, simple and clear, can be popularized in all directions, and can be abstracted in all directions ... "

"I am not as lucky as my elders and can become a disciple of Hua Lao." In the view of Yang Le, an academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences and a famous mathematician, it is a lifelong regret that I didn't become an official apprentice of Hua Lao. "But on the road of mathematical research, Hua Lao really influenced me deeply."

Bateman, a famous American mathematical historian, wrote: "Hua is China's Einstein, enough to be an academician of all the famous academies in the world." .

It is listed as one of the 88 great mathematicians in the world in the Chicago Museum of Science and Technology.

Known as "people's scientists"

China famous mathematician

Lee Liu

Liu Hui (born about 250 AD), wei ren in the late Three Kingdoms period, was an outstanding mathematician in ancient China and one of the founders of China's classical mathematical theory. History books rarely record his birth, death and life story. According to limited historical data, he was from Zouping, Shandong Province in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Never been an official. He also occupies a prominent position in the history of world mathematics. His representative works "Nine Arithmetic Notes" and "Arithmetic on the Island" are the most precious mathematical heritages of China.

Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. * * * There are solutions to 246 problems. In solving simultaneous equations, calculating four fractions, calculating positive and negative numbers, calculating the volume and area of geometric figures and many other aspects, it is among the advanced in the world. However, due to the primitiveness of the solution and the lack of necessary proof, Liu Hui made a supplementary proof. These proofs show his creative contributions in many aspects. Improve the solution of linear equations. In geometry, he put forward the secant method, that is, the method of calculating the area and perimeter of a circle by using inscribed or circumscribed regular polygons. He scientifically obtained the result that pi = 3. 14 by using secant technology. Liu Hui put forward in the secant technique that "the loss is small when it is cut thin, and then it will be combined with the circle."

In the book Island Calculation, Liu Hui carefully selected nine survey questions. The creativity, complexity and representativeness of these topics attracted the attention of the west at that time.

Liu Hui has quick thinking and flexible methods. He advocates reasoning and intuition. He is the first person who China explicitly advocated to demonstrate mathematical propositions by logical reasoning.

Chungchi Tsu

Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was an outstanding mathematician and scientist in China. People in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Han people, the word Wen Yuan. Born in Yuanjia for six years and died in Hou Yongyuan for two years. His ancestral home is Qiu County, Fanyang County (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). Its main contributions are in mathematics, astronomical calendar and machinery. In mathematics, he wrote the seal script, as a textbook of imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty, which was included in the famous Ten Books of Calculating Classics. Unfortunately, it was later dropped. Zu Chongzhi, together with his son Zuxuan, successfully solved the problem of calculating the volume of the ball by using "Mu He Fang Gai" and got the correct formula of the volume of the ball. In mechanics, he has designed and manufactured a water hammer mill, a compass driven by copper parts, a thousand-mile ship, a timer and so on. Besides, I also study music. He is one of the few well-read figures in history. There is also a crater on the moon named after him.

Zu Chongzhi's outstanding achievement in mathematics is about the calculation of pi. Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, people used "the diameter of three weeks a week" as pi, which was called "Gubi". Later, it was found that the error of Gubi was too large, and the pi should be "the diameter of a circle is greater than the diameter of three weeks", but there are different opinions on how much is left. Until the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Hui put forward a scientific method to calculate pi-"secant method" to approximate pi with the circumference inscribed by a regular polygon. Liu Hui calculated the circle inscribed with a 96-sided polygon and got π=3. 14, and pointed out that the more sides inscribed with a regular polygon, the more accurate the π value obtained. On the basis of predecessors' achievements, Zu Chongzhi devoted himself to research and repeated calculations. Find out that π is between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, and get the approximate value in the form of π fraction, taking 22/7 as the approximate rate and 355/13 as the secret. Is the fraction whose denominator is within 16604, which is closest to π. It is impossible to prove how Zu Chongzhi got this result. If he wants to find it according to Liu Hui's secant method, he will have to work out how much time and energy it will take to inscribed 12288 polygons in this circle! It is obvious that his perseverance and wisdom in academic research are admirable. It was more than 1000 years after Zu Chongzhi worked out the secrecy rate, and foreign mathematicians also got the same result. In order to commemorate Zu Chongzhi's outstanding contribution, some foreign mathematicians suggested that π = be called "ancestral rate".

Zu Chongzhi exhibited famous works at that time and insisted on seeking truth from facts. He compared and analyzed a large number of materials calculated by himself, found serious mistakes in the past calendars, and dared to improve them. At the age of 33, he successfully compiled the Daming Calendar, which opened a new era in calendar history.

Zu Chongzhi and his son Zuxuan (also a famous mathematician in China) calculated the volume of a sphere by clever methods. At that time, they adopted a principle: "If the power supply potential is the same, the products should not be different." That is to say, two solids located between two parallel planes are cut by any plane parallel to these two planes. If the areas of two sections are always equal, the volumes of two solids are also equal. This principle is in the west. However, it was discovered by Karl Marx more than 1000 years ago. In order to commemorate the great contribution of grandfather and son in discovering this principle, everyone also called this principle "the ancestor principle". Zu Chongzhi also made many tools, such as a compass.

Zhang Qiujian

According to Suan Baoyu's textual research, The Sutra of Zhang Qiujian was written in three volumes from 466 to 485. Zhang Qiujian was born in Qinghe, Northern Wei Dynasty (now Linqing, Shandong Province), and his life experience is unknown. The application of the least common multiple, the mutual summation of arithmetic progression elements and "Hundred Chicken Skills" are his main achievements. "Hundred Chickens Skill" is a world-famous indefinite equation problem. The same problem also appeared in13rd century Italian Fibonacci's Arithmetic Classics and15th century Arab Alkasi's Arithmetic Keys.

Zhu Shijie: Four Yuan Jade Sword

Zhu Shijie (about 1300) was born in Songting, Han Qing, and lived in Yanshan (now near Beijing). He "traveled around the lake and sea for more than twenty years as a famous mathematician" and "gathered scholars by following the door". Zhu Shijie's representative works in mathematics include "Arithmetic Enlightenment" (1299) and "Meeting with the Source" (1303). "Arithmetic Enlightenment" is a well-known mathematical masterpiece, which spread overseas and influenced the development of mathematics in Korea and Japan. "Thinking of the source meets" is another symbol of the peak of China's mathematics in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, among which the most outstanding mathematical creations are "thinking of the source" (the formulation and elimination of multivariate higher-order equations), "overlapping method" (the summation of higher-order arithmetic progression) and "seeking difference method" (the high-order interpolation method).

Jia Xian

China's classical mathematicians reached their peak in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the prelude of this development was the discovery of "Jiaxian Triangle" (binomial expansion coefficient table) and the establishment of higher-order open method ("increase, multiply and open method") closely related to it. Jia Xian, a native of Northern Song Dynasty, completed Nine Chapters of Fine Grass in Huangdi Neijing about 1050. The original book was lost, but the main contents were copied by Yang Hui's works (about13rd century), which can be handed down from generation to generation. Yang Hui's Detailed Explanation of Nine Chapters' Algorithms (126 1) has a picture of "Learning the Original Prescription", which means "Jia Xian used this technique". This is the famous "Jiaxian Triangle", or "Yang Hui Triangle". At the same time, it records Jia Xian's "method of increasing, multiplying and opening" to the root of higher order.

Jiaxian Triangle is called Pascal Triangle in western literature and was rediscovered by French mathematician B Pascal in 1654.

Qin: Count books and nine chapters.

Qin (about 1202 ~ 126 1), a native of Anyue, Sichuan, once served as an official in Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, and was exiled to Meizhou (now Meixian, Guangdong) around 126 1, and soon died. Qin, Yang Hui and Zhu Shijie are also called the four great mathematicians in Song and Yuan Dynasties. In his early years, he studied mathematics in seclusion in Hangzhou, and wrote the famous Shu Shu Jiu Zhang in 1247. The book "Shu Shu Jiu Zhang" 18 volume, 8 1 title, is divided into nine categories (Wild Goose, Shi Tian, Tianjing, Prediction, Foraging, Money Valley, Architecture, Military Service, Market Easy). Its most important mathematical achievements —— "Dayan summation method" (one-time congruence group solution) and "positive and negative leveling method" (numerical solution of higher-order equations) made this Song Dynasty arithmetic classic occupy a prominent position in the history of medieval mathematics.

Ye Li

With the development of numerical solution technology of higher-order equations, the sequential equation method came into being, which is called "Kaiyuan technique". Among the mathematical works handed down from Song Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, Ye Li's "Measuring the Round Sea Mirror" is the first work that systematically expounds Kaiyuan.

Ye Li (1 192 ~ 1279), formerly known as Li Zhi, was born in Luancheng, Jin Dynasty. He used to be the governor of Zhou Jun (now Yuxian County, Henan Province). Zhou Jun was destroyed by the Mongolian army in 1232, so he studied in seclusion. He was hired by Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu as a bachelor of Hanlin for only one year. 1248 was written into "Circle Survey Mirror", the main purpose of which was to explain the method of establishing equations by using Kaiyuan. "Kai Yuan Shu" is similar to the column equation method in modern algebra. "Let Tianyuan be so-and-so" is equivalent to "Let X be so-and-so", which can be said to be an attempt of symbolic algebra. Ye Li also has another mathematical work Yi Gu Yan Duan (1259), which also explains Kaiyuan.

Using mathematics skillfully to see reality

In real life, people's lives tend to be economic and rational. But how to achieve this goal?

In the math activity group, I met such a real-life problem:

Two advertisements were reported in the newspaper. There are prizes for sales in a commercial building: first prize 10000 RMB 1, first prize 1000 RMB 2, second prize 100 RMB 10, third prize 5 yuan 200, and 15% discount for sales in second-class commercial buildings. Please think about it; Which sales method is more attractive? Which commercial building is of great benefit to consumers?

We can't face the problem at a glance. So we made a random survey first. Taking the whole group 16 students as the survey object, 8 of them are willing to go to A's home, 6 like to go to B's home, and 2 think they can go to both. The survey results show that the sales model of a shopping mall is more attractive, but is this the case?

In practical problems, there is no limit to the turnover of each group of prize-winning sales and the number of people participating in the lucky draw. So we think there should be several answers to this question.

1. Kujia Commercial Building has determined that awards should be given to each group. When the number of participants is small, less than 213 (112+10+200 = 213), people will think that the chances of winning the prize are greater and a sales model of a commercial building will attract customers more.

Second, if the volume of each group of a commercial building is large, then the preferential margin it gives customers is correspondingly small. Because the preferential amount provided by a commercial building is fixed, * * 14000 yuan (10000+2000+1000 =14000). Assuming that the discount offered by two commercial buildings is 14000 yuan, the turnover of the second commercial building can be 280000 yuan (14000 ÷ 5%=280000).

So from this point of view:

(l) When the turnover of the two commercial buildings is 280,000 yuan, the two commercial buildings will give the same amount of preferential treatment.

(2) When the turnover of both shopping malls is less than 280,000 yuan, the discount of shopping mall B is less than10.4 million yuan, so the discount provided by shopping mall A is still10.4 million yuan, which is a big discount.

(3) When the turnover of both companies exceeds 280,000 yuan, the discount of the second commercial building exceeds 14000 yuan, while the discount of the first commercial building remains at 14000 yuan, and the second commercial building provides great benefits.

Problems like this can be seen everywhere in our daily life. For example, there are two liquefied gas stations. It is known that the quality and quantity of each bottle of liquefied gas are the same, and the initial price is the same. In order to win more users, the two stations have introduced preferential policies respectively. The method of Station A is 25% off sales, and the method of bilibili is 30% off sales to customers after the second ventilation. The preferential period of both stations is one year. As a user, which one should you choose?

This question is very similar to the last one. As long as you analyze and discuss how many cans you need, the problem will be solved.

With the gradual improvement of market economy, economic activities in people's daily life are becoming more and more colorful. Trading, deposits and insurance, stocks and bonds, ... all come into our lives. At the same time, mathematics, profit ratio and proportion, interest and interest rate, statistics and probability are all related to this series of economic activities. Operations research and optimization, as well as system analysis and decision-making, will all become "guests" in mathematics courses.

As cross-century middle school students, we should not only learn mathematics knowledge, but also apply it to analyze and solve problems encountered in life, so as to better adapt to the development and needs of society.