Contrary to Descartes' axiom of absolute certainty and the natural system formed by deductive argument, Newton's method

Dharma is

The principle based on the demonstration and induction of facts is characterized by:

1. In essence, you can only ask "how", not "why".

2. Take mathematics as the key to unlock the secrets of the universe.

3. The concepts of "force" and "element" transcend the fields of mechanics, optics and chemistry, and are endowed with universal methodological significance.

Both are forces and elements, which have become universal and practical characteristics.

With the development of natural science, the understanding of "nature" has changed from teleology to mechanism. Nature is no longer an organic life, but a machine, which is composed of material particles and operates according to certain mechanical laws. It has causal inevitability, but it doesn't care about the cause and purpose. Even the human body is just a machine [2](P73). In this way, the divinity contained in nature disappeared, the ultimate goal of the world as an organic whole disappeared, and the original nature in the Greek sense-a living nature with external form and internal essence-split into material and spiritual poles. Kant lived in an era when the mechanistic view of nature prevailed. People believe in the universal inevitability of objective laws, and the organic natural view of teleology, that is, the natural view containing self-realization will, is rejected as a theological heritage. Since then, nature has been attributed to a material system that operates according to the law of cause and effect, while the internal purpose has been ruthlessly stripped from nature by science.