The Germination of Ancient Mathematics in China
At the end of primitive commune, after the emergence of private ownership and barter, the concepts of number and shape further developed and were unearthed in Yangshao culture period.
Pottery, engraved with the symbol representing 1234. By the end of the primitive commune, written symbols had begun to replace knotted notes.
Pottery unearthed in Xi 'an Banpo has an equilateral triangle composed of 1 ~ 8 dots, and a pattern of 100 small squares divided into squares. Banpo remains.
The base addresses of all houses are round and square. In order to draw circles and determine straightness, people have also created drawing and measuring tools such as rulers, moments, rulers and ropes.
. According to Records of Historical Records Xia Benji, Yu Xia used these tools in water conservancy.
In the middle of Shang Dynasty, a set of decimal numbers and notation had been produced in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the largest of which was 30 thousand; At the same time, Yin people used
Ten heavenly stems and twelve earthly branches form 60 names such as Jiazi, Yechou, Bingyin and Dingmao, and record the date of 60 days; In the Zhou Dynasty, Qian Yin was used again.
The eight diagrams formed by the Yang symbol indicate that eight things have developed into sixty-four hexagrams, representing sixty-four things.
The method of measuring height, depth, width and distance by moments in the early Western Zhou Dynasty was mentioned in the Book of Weekly Parallel Calculation in the first century BC, and the Pythagorean-shaped three hooks were quoted.
The fourth chord, the fifth chord and the moment of the ring may be examples of circles, for example. It is mentioned in the Book of Rites that the children of aristocrats in the Western Zhou Dynasty should learn numbers and records from the age of nine.
As one of the "six arts", number has begun to become a special course.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, calculation has been widely used and decimal notation has been used, which has made great contributions to the development of mathematics in the world.
This exhibition is of epoch-making significance. During this period, econometrics was widely used in production, and mathematics was improved accordingly.
The contention of a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States period also promoted the development of mathematics, especially the dispute of rectifying the name and some propositions were directly related to mathematics. Logician school
They think that the abstract concepts of nouns are different from their original entities. They put forward that "rules can't be round" and put "freshman" (
Infinity) is defined as "nothing" and "little one" is defined as "nothing". He also suggested that "one foot pestle, take half of it every day,
Never exhausted "and other propositions.
Mohism believes that names come from things, and names can reflect things from different sides and depths. Mohist school gave some mathematical definitions. Such as circular,
Square, flat, straight, secondary (tangent), end (point), etc.
Mohism disagrees with the proposition of "one foot" and puts forward the proposition of "non-half" to refute that a line segment is infinitely divided into two.
If you divide it, there will be a "non-half" that can't be divided. This "non-half" is a point.
The famous scholar's proposition discusses that a finite length can be divided into an infinite sequence, while the Mohist proposition points out the changes and results of this infinite division.
. The discussion on the definition and proposition of mathematics by famous scholars and Mohists is of great significance to the development of China's ancient mathematical theory.
The Formation of Ancient Mathematics System in China
Qin and Han dynasties were the rising period of feudal society, with rapid economic and cultural development. It was during this period that the ancient mathematical system of China was formed.
Its main symbol is that arithmetic has become a specialized subject, and the emergence of mathematical works represented by Nine Chapters of Arithmetic.
Nine Chapters Arithmetic is a summary of the development of mathematics during the establishment and consolidation of feudal society in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. As far as its mathematical achievements are concerned, it can be called.
World famous mathematical works. For example, the operation of quartering, the current technique (called three-rate method in the west), square root and square root (including the numerical solution of quadratic equation),
Surplus and deficiency technique (called double solution in the west), various formulas of area and volume, solution of linear equations, addition and subtraction rules of positive and negative operations, Pythagorean solution (
Especially the Pythagorean theorem and the method of finding Pythagorean number), the level is very high. Among them, the solution of equations and the addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers are developed in world mathematics.
The exhibition is far ahead. As far as its characteristics are concerned, it forms an independent system centered on calculation, which is completely different from ancient Greek mathematics.
"Nine Chapters Arithmetic" has several remarkable characteristics: it adopts the form of mathematical problem sets divided into chapters according to categories; These formulas are all developed from calculating symbols.
Yes; Mainly arithmetic and algebra, rarely involving graphic properties; Attach importance to application and lack of theoretical explanation.
These characteristics are closely related to the social conditions and academic thoughts at that time. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, all science and technology should have been established and consolidated at that time.
The feudal system and the development of social production services all emphasize the application of mathematics. Finally, the book Nine Chapters of Arithmetic written in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty ruled out war.
The famous scholars and Mohists who appeared in the contention of a hundred schools of thought during China's period attached importance to the discussion of noun definition and logic, and emphasized the close combination with production and life at that time.
Mathematical problems and their solutions completely accord with the development of society at that time.
Nine Chapters Arithmetic spread to Korea and Japan in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and became the mathematics textbook of these countries at that time. Some of its achievements are like ten.
The advanced system, today's skills, and the remaining skills have also spread to India and Arabia, and have spread to Europe through India and Arabia, which has promoted the development of mathematics in the world.
Development.
The Development of Ancient Mathematics in China
Metaphysics, which appeared in Wei and Jin dynasties, was not bound by Confucian classics in Han dynasty and was active in thought. It advocates victory, but it also uses logical thinking and analysis.
Meaning, these are conducive to the theoretical improvement of mathematics. Zhao Shuang of Wu annotated Zhou Kuai, and Xu Yue of Wei Chu wrote Nine Chapters of Arithmetic at the end of Han Dynasty.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Liu Hui's Notes on Nine Chapters of Arithmetic and Nine Chapters of Double Difference Map both appeared in this period. Zhao Shuang and Liu Hui worked in ancient China.
The mathematical system laid the theoretical foundation.
Zhao Shuang was one of the earliest mathematicians who proved and deduced mathematical theorems and formulas in ancient China. He added in the book "Zhou Kuai Shu Jing"
Pythagoras Square Diagram and Annotations and Daily Height Diagram and Annotations are very important mathematical documents. In Pythagoras Square Diagram and Annotations, he proposed to use string diagram.
Prove Pythagorean theorem and five formulas for solving Pythagorean form; In Sunrise Picture, he proved the weight difference formula widely used in Han Dynasty with the graphic area.
Zhao Shuang's work is groundbreaking and plays an important role in the development of ancient mathematics in China.
Liu Jicheng, who was contemporary with Zhao Shuang, developed the thoughts of the famous Mohist school in the Warring States Period, and advocated that it was particularly important for some mathematical terms.
The concept of mathematics is strictly defined, and it is considered that mathematical knowledge must be "analyzed" in order to make mathematical works concise and rigorous and beneficial to readers. he
The annotation of Nine Chapters Arithmetic is not only a general explanation and derivation of the methods, formulas and theorems of Nine Chapters Arithmetic, but also in the process of discussion.
China has made great progress. Liu Hui created secant, proved the formula of circular area with the idea of limit, and calculated pi by theoretical method for the first time.
Yes 157/50 and 3927/ 1250.
Liu Hui proved by infinite division that the volume ratio of right-angled square cone to right-angled tetrahedron is always 2: 1, which solved the key problem of general solid volume.
Title. When proving the volume of square cone, cylinder, cone and frustum, Liu Hui put forward the correct method to solve the volume of sphere completely.
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, China was in a state of war and north-south division for a long time. Zu Chongzhi and his son's job is to count the number of people in the south after the economic and cultural shift to the south.
On the basis of Liu Hui's Notes on Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, they greatly promoted traditional mathematics. he
Our mathematical work mainly includes: calculating pi between 3.1415926 ~ 3.1415927; Put forward the principle of ancestor (constant sky); Put forward again and again.
Solutions of equations, etc.
Presumably, Zu Chongzhi calculated the inscribed area of regular polygon 6 144 and regular polygon 12288 on the basis of Liu Hui secant method, and thus obtained this.
A result. He also obtained two fractional values of pi by a new method, namely the approximate ratio of 22/7 and the density ratio of 355/ 1 13. Zu Chongzhi's works made China.
In the calculation of pi, it is about a thousand years ahead of the west;
Zu Chongzhi Zi Zu (Riheng) summed up Liu Hui's related work and put forward that "if the potential is the same, the product cannot be different", that is, two solids with the same height, if it
If the horizontal cross-sectional area at any height is equal, the two solid volumes are equal, which is the famous axiom of our ancestors (sunward). Zu (Riheng) applied this axiom.
And solved Liu Hui's unsolved spherical volume formula.
Emperor Yang Di was overjoyed and made great achievements, which objectively promoted the development of mathematics. In the early Tang Dynasty, Wang Xiaotong's "Jigu Shujing" mainly discussed civil engineering.
The calculation, division of labor, acceptance and calculation of warehouses and cellars in the project all reflect the mathematical situation in this period. Is Wang Xiaotong here?
In the case of using mathematical symbols, the digital cubic equation was established, which not only solved the needs of the society at that time, but also laid the foundation for the establishment of celestial art later.
. In addition, for the traditional Pythagorean solution, Wang Xiaotong also used the digital cubic equation to solve it.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the feudal rulers inherited the Sui system, and in 656, they set up the Arithmetic Museum in imperial academy, with 30 students, including arithmetic doctors and teaching assistants. Author: Taishi Li Ling
Feng Chun compiled and annotated ten arithmetic classics, which were used as textbooks for students in the Arithmetic Museum and as the basis for the Arithmetic Examination in Ming Dynasty. Li et al.
Ten Books of Calculating Classics is of great significance in preserving classical works of mathematics and providing literature for mathematical research. They gave Zhou Kuai Su 'an Sutra.
The notes in "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" and "Calculation of Islands" are helpful to readers. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to the need of the calendar, heaven counted.
Scientists created quadratic function interpolation method, which enriched the content of ancient mathematics in China.
Calculation and compilation are the main calculation tools in ancient China, which have the advantages of simplicity, image and concreteness, but also have the disadvantages of large area and large amount of calculation.
When the speed is accelerated, it is easy to make mistakes and other shortcomings, so the reform began very early. Among them, one meter counts, two meters counts and three counts.
Abacus calculation is an abacus with beads and an important technical reform. In particular, "abacus calculation" inherits the advantages of calculating five liters decimal and numerical system.
Point, but also overcome the shortcomings of vertical and horizontal counting and inconvenient setting, the advantages are very obvious. But at that time the multiplication and division algorithm was still not in a horizontal direction.
Column. The abacus beads have not been worn and are not easy to carry, so they are still not widely used.
After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the prosperity of commerce and the increase of digital calculation urgently require the reform of calculation methods and the calculation of books left over from New Tang Shu and other documents.
From the bibliography, we can see that this algorithm reform is mainly to simplify the multiplication and division algorithm, and the algorithm reform in Tang Dynasty makes the multiplication and division method continuous.
Calculate, it is suitable for both preparation and abacus calculation.
The Prosperity of Ancient Mathematics in China
In 960, the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty ended the separatist regime of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. Agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in the Northern Song Dynasty were unprecedentedly prosperous, and science and technology
With the rapid development, gunpowder, compass and printing are widely used in this situation of high economic growth. 1084 secretary province
Ten Books of Calculation Classics were printed and published once, and reprinted by 12 13 Bao Gan. All these have created good conditions for the development of mathematics.
During the 300 years from 1 1 to14th century, a number of famous mathematicians and mathematical works appeared, such as Jia Xian's Nine Chapters of the Yellow Emperor.
Qin's On the Origin of Ancient Times, Shu Shu Jiu Zhang, Yuan Hai Jing, Yi Gu Yan Duan and Yang Hui's Nine Chapters Detailed Explanation.
Algorithm, daily algorithm and Yang Hui algorithm, Zhu Shijie's arithmetic enlightenment and thinking of the source. , has reached the level of ancient mathematics in many fields.
Peak, some of which were also the peak of mathematics in the world at that time.
From square root, square root to square root is more than four leaps in understanding, which was realized by Jia Xian. Jiu nian yang hui
Jia Xian's Kaiping Multiplication and Kaiping Multiplication are contained in the chapter of Algorithm Compilation. Jia Xian's "Kai" is included in "Detailed Explanation of Algorithms in Nine Chapters".
The origin of method, the method of finding cheap grass by multiplication, and the method of multiplying to open the fourth power are examples. According to these records, it can be determined that Jia Xian has sent people.
Now the binomial coefficient table has created the methods of increase, multiplication and opening. These two achievements had a great influence on the whole mathematics of Song and Yuan Dynasties, among which Jiaxian Triangle was more important than the West.
Pascal triangle was put forward more than 600 years ago.
It was Liu Yi who extended the method of increasing, multiplying and opening to the solution of digital higher-order equations (including the case of negative coefficients). "Field Comparison" in "Yang Hui Algorithm"
The book Agile Multiplication and Division introduces 22 quadratic equations and 1 quartic equations in the original book. The latter is to solve higher-order equations by adding, multiplying and opening.
The earliest example.
Qin is an expert in solving higher-order equations. He collected the solutions of 2 1 equation of higher order (the highest order) by the methods of increase, multiplication and opening in Shu Shu Jiu Zhang.
The number is 10). In order to adapt to the calculation program of the multiplication and multiplication method, Jiu Shao defined the constant term as a negative number, and divided the solutions of higher-order equations into various types.
Type. When the root of the equation is non-integer, Qin takes the decimal point of continuing to find the root, or takes the sum of the coefficients of each power of the equation as the denominator.
Constant is a molecule representing the non-integer part of a root, which is the development of the method of dealing with irrational numbers in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" and Liu Hui's notes. Ranked second in root-seeking.
Qin also put forward the test score of the second digit on the basis of dividing the constant term by the coefficient of the first term, which was more than 500 times earlier than the earliest Horner method in the west.
A few years.
Astronomers Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing in Yuan Dynasty solved the problem of cubic function interpolation in the calendar method. Qin is "composing music and pushing stars"
In the title, Zhu Shijie mentioned interpolation (they called it magic) in the title "Like Magic" in "Meeting in Philip Burkart", and Zhu Shijie got a quartic function.
Interpolation formula.
Using Tianyuan (equivalent to X) as the symbol of unknown number, the equation of higher order was established, which was called Tianyuan in ancient times. This is the first time in the history of Chinese mathematics to introduce symbols.
The problem of establishing higher-order equations is solved by symbolic operation. The earliest extant celestial art work is Ye Li's Rounding Sea Mirror.
It is another outstanding creation of mathematicians in Song and Yuan Dynasties to extend celestial sphere to higher-order simultaneous equations of binary, ternary and quaternary. Until today.
Zhu Shijie's "Meet with Siyuan" systematically discusses this outstanding creation.
Zhu Shijie's representation of higher-order four-element simultaneous equations is developed on the basis of celestial body theory. He put constants in the middle and four variables in each middle.
Power is placed in four directions: up, down, left and right, and other items are placed in four quadrants. Zhu Shijie's greatest contribution is to put forward the four-element elimination method,
The method is to select one element as the unknown, and the polynomial composed of other elements as the coefficient of this unknown, and list them into several unary higher-order equations.
After that, the unknowns are gradually eliminated by the method of mutual multiplication elimination. By repeating this step, we can eliminate other unknowns, and finally we can get the solution by multiplying and opening. this
It is an important development of linear method group solution, which is more than 400 years earlier than similar methods in the west.
The Pythagorean solution had a new development in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Zhu Shijie put forward the solution of known pythagorean sum, chord sum and pythagorean formula under the volume of Arithmetic Enlightenment.
Methods, supplement the shortcomings of "Nine Chapters Arithmetic". Ye Li made a detailed study of Pythagoras' inclusion in The Rounding Sea Mirror, and got nine.
The formula of inclusion circle greatly enriched the content of China's ancient geometry.
Given the angle between the ecliptic and the equator and the back arc of the ecliptic from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox, it is a solution to find the back arc and right latitude of the right ascension.
The problem of spherical right triangle is calculated by interpolation in traditional calendar. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing used the traditional Pythagorean solution.
Shen Kuo solved this problem with the skills of circle and celestial element. But what they got was an approximate formula and the result was not accurate enough. But their whole
The calculation steps are correct. Mathematically, this method opens up a way for spherics.
The climax of China's ancient computing technology reform also appeared in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. There are a lot of practical calculations in the historical documents of the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.
The number of technical bibliographies is far more than that of the Tang Dynasty, and the main content of the reform is still multiplication and division. At the same time as the algorithm reform, the abacus may have reached the Northern Song Dynasty.
Appear. However, if the modern abacus calculation is regarded as both a thread-through abacus calculation and a set of perfect algorithms and formulas, it should be said that it is finally completed with elements.
Generation.
The prosperity of mathematics in Song and Yuan Dynasties is the inevitable result of the development of social economy, science and technology and traditional mathematics. In addition,
Mathematicians' scientific thinking and mathematical thinking are also very important. Mathematicians in Song and Yuan Dynasties all opposed the mysticism of image number in Neo-Confucianism to varying degrees.
. Although Qin once advocated the homology of several ways, he later realized that the mathematics of "connecting the gods" did not exist, only "the things in the world"
Mathematics of "everything"; In the preface to the encounter with Siyuan, Mo Ruo put forward the idea of "taking the virtual image as the truth and asking the truth with the virtual image", which represents a highly abstract thinking.
Find a way; Yang Hui studied the structure of vertical and horizontal diagrams, revealed the essence of Luo Shu, and strongly criticized the mysticism of image numbers. All this, no doubt.
It is an important factor to promote the development of mathematics.
Integration of Chinese and western mathematics
China entered the late feudal society from the Ming Dynasty. Feudal rulers practiced totalitarian rule, propagated idealistic philosophy and conducted stereotyped writing examinations.
The trial system. In this case, in addition to abacus, the development of mathematics gradually declined.
After 16, western elementary mathematics was introduced into China, which led to the integration of Chinese and western mathematics research in China. the opium war
After the debate, modern mathematics began to be introduced into China, and China's mathematics turned into a period of mainly learning western mathematics; By the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century.
The study of modern mathematics has really begun.
From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle Ming Dynasty, the development of commodity economy and the popularization of abacus were adapted to this commercial development. On Four Words of Kuiben in the Early Ming Dynasty
The appearance of Zazi and Ruban Mu Jing shows that abacus has become very popular. The former is a textbook for children to read pictures, while the latter regards abacus as a family member.
The necessary items are listed in the general manual of wooden furniture.
With the popularization of abacus calculation, the abacus calculation algorithm and formula are gradually improving. For example, Wang Wensu and Cheng Dawei added and improved the collision and made a formula.
; Xu Xinlu and Cheng Dawei add and subtract formulas and are widely used in division, thus realizing all the formulas of four abacus calculations; bright red
Zaiwen and Cheng Dawei applied the method of calculating square root and square root to abacus calculation, and Cheng Dawei used abacus calculation to solve quadratic and cubic equations and so on. Chengda
Wei's works are widely circulated at home and abroad and have great influence.
1582, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci went to China. 1607, translated the first six volumes of Geometry with Xu Guangqi.
The meaning of measuring method, and Li Zhi compiled "The Meaning of Tolerance and Meaning in the Same Language". 1629, Xu Guangqi was appointed as the calendar supervisor by the Ministry of rites.
Under his auspices, he compiled 137 volume of "Chongzhen Almanac". The almanac of Chongzhen mainly introduces the geocentric theory of European astronomer Tycho. In this study,
The same is true of mathematical foundation, Greek geometry, trigonometry of Yushan in Europe, Napier's calculation, Galileo's proportional gauge and other calculation tools.
During the introduction.
Among the introduced mathematics, geometric elements have the greatest influence. The Elements of Geometry is China's first mathematical translation, most of which
Mathematical terms are the earliest, and many of them are still in use today. Xu Guangqi believes that there is "no need to doubt" and "no need to change". "There is no one in the world."
When studying. "Geometry is a must-read for mathematicians in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which has a great influence on their research work.
Secondly, trigonometry is the most widely used, and the works introducing western trigonometry include Great Survey, Table of Secant Circle and Eight Lines, and Significance of Measurement. "big"
The measurement mainly explains the properties, tabulation methods and table using methods of the eight lines of triangle (sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, cotangent, orthovector and cotangent).
Law. In addition to adding some plane triangles that are missing in the big survey, the more important ones are the product sum and difference formula and spherical triangle. all
These were all used in conjunction with translation in the calendar work at that time.
1646, Polish missionary Monig came to China, and his followers were Xue Fengzuo and Fang Zhongtong. After the death of Feng Xue Munitin,
According to what he learned, Zhang Zuo compiled the General Theory of Calendar Societies in order to integrate China, France and western France. The mathematical content in Sydney Huitong is mainly proportional.
Table, new table of proportional four-line and trigonometric algorithm The first two books introduced the logarithm invented and modified by British mathematicians Napier and Briggs.
In addition to the spherical triangle introduced by Chongzhen almanac, the latter book also includes half-angle formula, half-arc formula, German proportional formula, Nestor proportional formula and so on. Zhong Fang
The book Several Degrees explains the logarithmic theory. The introduction of logarithm is very important and is immediately applied in calendar calculation.
Beginners of mathematics in the Qing Dynasty have learned a lot from studying Chinese and Western mathematics, but many books have been handed down from generation to generation. Among them, Wang Xichan's illustrations and Mei Wending's Mei series have great influence.
Summary (including 13 kinds of mathematical works ***40 volumes), Xirao Nian's "Imagination" and so on. Mei Wending is a master of western mathematics. He is interested in traditional mathematics.
The methods of solving linear equations, pythagorean form and finding higher square roots are sorted out and studied, which makes mathematics in Ming Dynasty appear the edge of withering.
Vitality Xirao Nian's Visual Studies is the first book in China to introduce western studies.
Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty attached great importance to western science. Besides studying astronomy and mathematics by himself, he also trained some talents and translated some works.
17 12, Emperor Kangxi appointed Mei Li as the assembler of Ren Meng Yangzhai, and worked with Chen Houyao, He Guozong, Ming Jiatu and Yang Daosheng to compile astronomical algorithm books.
172 1 year, fayuanli was completed in volume 100, and published in the name of Kangxi "Yu Ding" on 1723. Among them, The Essence of Mathematics was mainly written by Mei Li.
Responsibility is divided into two parts. The first part includes "geometrical features" and "Algorithm Elements", both translated from French works; The second part includes arithmetic, algebra and plane.
Elementary mathematics such as geometric plane triangle and solid geometry, including prime number table, logarithm table and trigonometric function table. Because it is a comprehensive primary school.
The Encyclopedia of Mathematics was named "Yu Ding" by Kangxi, which had a certain influence on the mathematical research at that time.
To sum up, we can see that mathematicians in the Qing Dynasty did a lot of work on western mathematics and achieved many original results. These achievements
Compared with traditional mathematics, it has made progress, but it is obviously backward compared with contemporary western countries.
After Yongzheng acceded to the throne, he closed the country to the outside world, which led to the cessation of importing western science into China and the implementation of high-pressure policies at home, which led to the general scholars not
Being able to get in touch with western mathematics, but afraid to ask practical knowledge, I immersed myself in studying ancient books. During the reign of Ganjia, a school gradually formed, focusing on textual research.
Ganjia school
With the collection and annotation of Ten Books of Calculating Classics and mathematics works in Song and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared a climax of learning traditional mathematics. How can we break through the old ones?
, Wang Lai, Li Rui, Li, etc. Compared with algebra in Song and Yuan Dynasties, their work is brilliant.
Shine on you is better than blue; Compared with western algebra, it is a little late, but these achievements are independent and have not been influenced by modern western mathematics.
It can be done.
At the same time as the climax of traditional mathematics research, Ruan Yuan and Li Rui wrote a biography of astronomical mathematicians-"The Biography of People in the Domain", which collected information from
During the four years from Huangdi to Jiaqing, more than 270 astronomers and mathematicians died (among them, less than 50 mathematical works were handed down from generation to generation), and they were introduced from the late Ming Dynasty.
There are 4 1 missionary in western astronomy and mathematics. This book is all composed of "collecting history books, collecting them in groups, and recording them", and the collection is the first.
The original data of hands is still quite influential in academic circles.
1840 after the opium war, modern western mathematics began to be introduced into China. First of all, the British set up the Mohai Library in Shanghai and introduced western mathematics.
. After the Second Opium War, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and other bureaucratic groups launched the "Westernization Movement", and also advocated introducing and learning western mathematics and organizing it.
Many modern mathematics works have been translated.
The most important one is Algebra translated by Li and Li. China and Englishman John Flair jointly translated "China"
Algebra, trace of differential product, suspicious mathematics; Zou He edited Metaphysics, Algebra and Mathematical Writing;
Xie Hongtai and Pan He translated Dai Shen and Eight Acts.
A Generation of Differential Calculus is China's first translation of calculus. Algebra is a translation of symbolic algebra written by British mathematician Augustus de Morgan.
Ben; Doubtful mathematics is the first translation of probability theory. In these translations, many mathematical terms and terms were created, which are still in use today, but
The mathematical symbols used are generally eliminated. After the Reform Movement of 1898, new law schools were established in various places, and these works became the main textbooks.
While translating western mathematics works, China scholars have also done some research and written some works, the most important of which is Li's Sharp.
Conic transformation method to solve "and" the method of testing several roots "; Xia Wanxiang's Illustration of the Cave, Qu Zhi and Qu Zhi, etc. All of them are academic thoughts that will integrate Chinese and Western ideas.
Want to study the results.
Because the imported modern mathematics needs a process of digestion and absorption, and the rulers in the late Qing Dynasty are very corrupt, under the impact of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement,
Under the plunder of imperialist powers, I was overwhelmed and had no time to take care of mathematical research. Until 19 19 after the may 4th movement, China's modern mathematics.
The research really started.