Liu Xiang (about 77-6 BC) was originally named Gengsheng, a Confucian classics scholar, bibliographer and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Pei county (now Jiangsu) people. Grandson of King Jiao Liu IV of Chu Yuan. When Xuan Di was declared emperor, he advised doctors. Yuan Di, Zong Zheng. Against eunuch Gong Hong, Shi Xian went to prison, waiting to be released. Later, he was imprisoned for anti-Gong and anti-Xian. After the emperor acceded to the throne, he was hired as Dr. Guanglu and changed his name to "Xiang", which comforted the official school. He was ordered to lead the school secretary and wrote Bielu, the originator of bibliography in China. Treating the biography of Liang in the Spring and Autumn Period. He wrote 33 poems, including Nine Sighs, most of which have been lost. Today, there are books such as New Preface, Shuoyuan and Biography of Lienv. And The Five Classics was compiled by Ma Guohan and A Qing Dynasty in Yi Tong. The original compilation was lost, and the Ming people compiled it as Liu Ji. The Songs of Chu is a collection of poems in the style of "Chu Ci" compiled by Liu Xiang on the basis of predecessors, which includes the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, Chu people in the Warring States Period, as well as parodies of Jia Yi, Huainan Xiaoshan, Dong Fangshuo, Wang Bao and Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty.
In addition, Liu Xiang found six kinds of military records in the royal library when sorting out the books, but the contents were chaotic and the words were incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled and edited the Warring States Policy according to the history books of the Warring States Period.
(1, The New Preface is a book compiled by Liu Xiang after collecting the historical facts of Shun Yu and Han Dynasty. There are thirty volumes in the original book and ten volumes in existence. Ceng Gong revised in the Northern Song Dynasty, which recorded what Song Yu said to the king of Chu, and listed the popular songs of Chu such as Xialiba people, Yang A and Xielu. 2. Shuoyuan classifies and edits some historical stories and legends from the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty, and includes the author's comments, which gives full play to the political thoughts and moral concepts of Confucianism and has a certain philosophical nature. 3, "Biography of Lienv": There are two concubines, and they are also the second daughters of Emperor Yao. Huang, the second English girl. Follow the father's stubborn mother. Father's name is Xiang, brother's name is Xiang. Traveling in Yan, you can be gentle and gentle, and you can be filial. Mother hates Shun and loves Xiang, but Shun still treats her internally, and she is not wicked or wicked. Siyue recommended Yao, who is a wife and two daughters to observe the interior of Jue. The two women succeeded in inheriting things in an acre of land. They were not arrogant because of the son of heaven's daughter, but remained modest and thrifty, thinking about women's morality. With murder shun. Messenger Yi Tu and Shungui told their second daughter, "My parents made me a Yi Tu, so I went." The second daughter said, "Go!" Shun not only cured the shackles, but also donated the order. Gu Sou burned the shackles and flew out. Xiangfu and his parents conspired to dig wells. Shun called his second daughter and said, "Don't worry, go!" "Shun went to the well, looked at it, and slipped out of the lid. When he can't kill Shun, Gu Sou drinks fast. When he is drunk, he will kill Shun. Shun sued two women, two women accompanied Shun to take a bath, and Shun went. Shun drank all day and didn't get drunk. Shun's daughter-in-law sympathizes with her and is in harmony with Ersao. When his parents tried to kill Shun, Shun still didn't complain and was furious. Go to Yutian and cry, and call your parents every day. Only harm if the child, longing for it. Don't blame his brother, be honest and not lazy. Since it is to accept 100 people, the guests are at the four doors, choose trees, enter the foothills, and try their best, often everything is aimed at two women. Shun was the heir, and was promoted to Emperor, followed by E Huang and Nv Ying. It is a shame to seal the image, but it is still too early for Gu Sou. The second concubine claims to be smart and virtuous in the world. Shun Fangyi died in Cangwu, posthumous title Zhonghua. The second princess died between Chiang Kai-shek and Xiang, commonly known as Xiang Army. The gentleman said, "The second princess is pure and loyal. The poem says: "If you don't show virtue, you must punish it." This is also called. )
Liu Xiang is an outstanding writer.
Shuo Yuan, written by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. Liu Xiang used to be the secretary of the school. This book is based on some historical stories and legends from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty edited by the Royal Library and folk books, with the author's comments, which gives full play to Confucian political thoughts and moral concepts and has a certain philosophical nature. After the original twenty volumes, there are only five volumes left, most of which are lost. After song dynasty and retrieval, there are 20 volumes, each with its own title. The titles of the 20 volumes are Jun Dao, Chen Shu, Jian Ben, Li Jie, Gui De, Fu En, Zheng Li, Zun Xian, Jian Zheng, Jing Shen, Shan Shuo, Shi Feng, Machiavelli and Zhi Zhi Zhi. The historical legends from pre-Qin dynasty to Han dynasty are classified and discussed in order to clarify Confucian political thoughts and ethical concepts. Generally, the first rule or the first number is the outline of a volume, and the main idea of this volume is stated by quoting the previous remarks. Here are a lot of historical examples to prove it. Item also compiled a book "New Preface", which is similar in nature.
Due to the extensive materials in the book, a large number of historical materials have been collected, which provides a lot of convenience for people to explore history. Some historical events recorded in the book can be mutually confirmed with the existing classics; Some annotations are different from Historical Records, Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, Warring States Policy, Xunzi, Hanfeizi, Guanzi, Yanzi Chunqiu, Shilu Chunqiu and Huainanzi, which are sufficient references for people who want to get to the bottom of it. Some ancient books have been lost, but one or two are preserved in Shuo Yuan, which is especially precious. For example, Shi Kuang said in "A Gentleman's Way": "A gentleman's way is pure and inaction, and its service lies in fraternity, tending to benevolence, broadening eyes and ears, observing all parties, not indulging in selfish desires, not being tied to the left and right, being far-sighted, being independent, saving performance appraisal repeatedly, and being a courtier. This person is also a gentleman. " There are six novelists in Shi Kuang's Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi, which has long been lost. Shi Kuang's argument is suspected to come from six Shi Kuang. You can find many such examples.
Shuoyuan is an important literary work with rich literary connotations, including philosophical aphorisms, satirical narrative, strong storytelling and dialogue-oriented style. Except 16 volume Tan Cong, Shuo Yuan has the most titles of independent short stories, with concise and vivid words, fresh and meaningful words and high literary appreciation value.
The annotation quality of Shuoyuan is better than Shuoyuan Shuzheng written by Zhao, so you can refer to it.
The collation of Shuoyuan by Mr. Xiang Zonglu is a masterpiece of the research and collation of Shuoyuan. Published by Zhonghua Book Company, 1987, can also be consulted.
2. Literary knowledge about Xiang Liang Keiko.
Character Hui Shi (born about 370 BC, died in 3 10 BC) was a politician, debater and philosopher in the Warring States Period, and was a representative figure of famous artists. Hui Shi was a native of Song Dynasty, but his main administrative area was Wei, and Hui Shi was the main organizer and supporter of the anti-Qin movement. He advocated Wei Qichu's joint resistance to Qin and suggested respecting Qi as king. During the reign, Hui Shi was expelled from Wei because of disagreement with Zhang Yi. He first went to Chu, and then returned to his hometown Song, where he became friends with Zhuangzi. After the death of 3 19 BC, due to the support of eastern countries, Wei changed Gongsun Yan to be the prime minister, Zhang Yi fell out of favor and left, and Hui Shi returned to Wei. As the organizer of the alliance, he enjoyed a high reputation in various countries at that time, so he was often sent to other countries by Wang Wei to handle foreign affairs, and accompanied him to Xuzhou, Qi. He made laws for Wei. Hui Shi's works have not been handed down, so his philosophical thoughts are only known to others. The most important one is his thoughts mentioned in the works of his friend Zhuangzi. Among them, the most important thing is "ten things to experience". He advocated analyzing things in the world extensively and summarizing the laws of the world. Besides Zhuangzi, his thoughts are also recorded in Xunzi, Han Feizi and Lv Chunqiu. Thought Hui Shi, like Mohism, tried to study the causes of the formation of all things in the universe. It is said that there is a strange man named Huang Kuang in the south. He asked if the heaven and earth would collapse and why there would be storms and thunder. Without thinking, Hui Shi responded immediately, saying "say everything" (Zhuangzi is the world). Zhuangzi once said that Hui Shi's "Bai Ming Yi Firm" ("Zhuangzi De Chong Fu Pian") criticized Hui Shi's "unclear is clear, so it stops at firm ignorance" ("Zhuangzi Wuqi Pian"). It can be seen that Hui Shi's thesis is mainly about the theory of everything in the universe. His works have been lost, and only Zhuangzi Tianxiapian has his ten propositions. There are ten things in the calendar that are nothing more than major events, called freshmen; The smallest is nothing, called the small one. Nothing can't be made without accumulation, it's a journey of a thousand miles. Heaven and earth are low, and mountains are flat. If Japan is angry with China, the object will die. Much the same, this is called small differences; It's all over. It's almost over. The south is infinitely poor. Today is better than the past. Serial can be solved. I know the center of the world, Yan is in the north and Yue is in the south. Love everything, heaven and earth are one. Observing and analyzing Hui Shi's ten propositions with dialectical factors, mainly analyzing the nature, some of which contain dialectical factors. He said: "The biggest one is nothing more than a freshman; To the smallest, it is called small. " "Freshman" means that the whole space is so big that it is all-inclusive, and there is no more outside; "Basic unit" refers to the smallest unit of matter, which is too small to be subdivided and has no interior. This, like later Mohists, believed that the material world was composed of tiny inseparable material particles. Since everything is composed of tiny material particles and based on the "original one", it is said that "everything is perfect"; The form of everything composed of "the first grade" is ever-changing, and its position in "the first grade" is different, so it can be said that "everything is different". In the ever-changing form of everything, there are similarities between "Bitong" and "Bitong", and there are also general similarities and differences between things, that is, "small similarities and differences". He regards the similarities and differences of things as relative but unified, which contains dialectical factors. Some of Hui Shi's ideas were disputed with Mohism in the later period. In the later period, Mohism used the common sense of mathematics and physics to analyze the external forms of objects and their calculation methods, and defined them. Mozi Shang Jing once said, "Thick and big." It is believed that only with "thickness" can there be volume and only with "big" objects. Hui Shi retorted: "There is no thickness, no accumulation, and a thousand miles." It is believed that matter particles ("primary particles") have no volume unless they accumulate into thickness; But the area of the plane formed by matter particles can be infinite. In the later period, Mohism strictly distinguished between "poverty" and "infinity" in space. Mozi Jing said: "There may be poverty; There is no limit and it is infinite. " It is "poor" to think that there is no space in front of individual areas; On the contrary, space is boundless and "infinite". Hui Shi retorted that "the South is infinitely poor", that is to say, although the South is infinite, there is an ultimate place in the end. In the late Mohist school, the "center" (center point) is "equal length" to both ends. Mozi Shang Jing said: "China, the same length." Hui Shi retorted: "I know that the center of the world is in the north of Yan State (the northernmost vassal state at that time) and in the south of Yue State (the southernmost vassal state at that time)." Because space is boundless and infinite, any place can be the center. In the later period, Mohism thought that the same height was called "Ping", and Mozi scripture said: "Ping means the same height." Hui Shi retorted: "Heaven and earth are low ("low "means near), and Yamazawa is flat." Because people stand in different positions in the measurement, they see different heights. Standing in the distance, heaven and earth are close at hand; Standing by the lake at the top of the mountain, the mountain and the river are flat. Hui Shi sees everything as change. For example, he said, "If Japan leans, things will be finished." As soon as the sun rises to the center, it begins to set in the west; A thing has just been born, and at the same time it is going to die. This view, to a certain extent, recognizes the dialectical process of the contradictory movement of things. However, he unconditionally admitted that "there is this" and only talked about transformation without talking about the conditions of transformation, thus denying the relative stability of things and inevitably falling into the mud pit of relativism.
3. Urgent: the answer to the common sense of ancient poetry and literature
1, Du Fu and Tang are great realistic poets, poets and world cultural celebrities in the Tang Dynasty in China, and they are called "Da" together with Li Bai. The world called Du Gongbu, Du Fu's poem, named Shaoling at night, with beautiful words. Selected from Du Gongbu Collection.
Qian Tang Chun Lake, Bai Juyi (772~846), a native of Tang Dynasty, Han nationality, was named Lotte, a Buddhist in Xiangshan, and was called "Poet Fairy" and "Poet King". From Bai Changqing Ji, Volume 20.
3. Thinking about the source of drinking water, Chu Renshi (1038~ 1 102) was born in Meizhou, Meishan, Northern Song Dynasty. He is a famous writer, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. Known as "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty, * * * is an uninhibited poet. Su Shi's Poems Volume IV
Cui Hao, a native of Yellow Crane Tower, was born in Bianzhou (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) in the Tang Dynasty. -754) Tang Xuanzong was a scholar in Kaiyuan 1 1 year (AD 723). Unknown font size. Selected from "All Tang Poems"
5 an autumn night in the mountains by Wang Wei (70 1? -76 1), a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was also called "Wang Meng" with Meng Haoran. In his later years, he was careless about his official career and devoted himself to being a Buddha. Later, he was called "Shi Fo". From the Wang Youcheng Collection.
6 Send my friend Li Bai (70 1──762), birthday 70 1 February 8th, Han nationality. The word is too white, and the name is Qinglian layman and Shixian. A great romantic poet in Tang Dynasty. Li Bai is a great poet in the literary history of China, who is as famous as Du Fu, and is known as "Du Li". From the complete works of Li Taibai.
Chen Ziang (659~ 700 AD) on the Youzhou Tower was a writer in the Tang Dynasty and one of the innovative figures in poetry and prose in the early Tang Dynasty. The word "Apollo" was later called "Chen Shibei". From Chen Boyu's collection.
Zhuang Meng Haoran (689~740), a poet in the Tang Dynasty, whose real name was Hao, whose word was Haoran, was an old friend. The world is called Meng Xiangyang. Selected from Meng Haoran's works
9 and 6 drink with the moon alone.
The Analects of Confucius (10) is one of the Confucian classics, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and his re-disciples. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. There are twenty popular Analects of Confucius. The language of The Analects is concise and profound, and many of its remarks are still regarded as wisdom by the world.
Confucius, whose real name was Zhong Ni, was born in the Spring and Autumn Period from September 28th, 5565438 BC (August 27th of the lunar calendar) to April 65438, 479 BC (February 11th of the lunar calendar). Born in Changping Township, Qiaoyi (now Luyuan Village, southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province). After his death, he was buried in Surabaya in the north of Qufu, which is now Kong Lin. Confucius was a politician, thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period. He is also the founder of Confucianism. One of the top ten thinkers in the world and one of the top ten thinkers in China is known as the "teacher of all ages".
1 1 year-old, second only to Mencius (about 372- 289 BC), or Zi Ju, or Zou (now Zoucheng City, Shandong Province) was a disciple of Confucius' grandson. China, a thinker, educator, essayist and politician in the Warring States period in ancient times, is one of the famous representatives of Confucianism. Selected from Mencius, Gongsun Chou
12 Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" is a work of miscellaneous scholars (Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, etc.). ) was compiled by Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin at the end of the Warring States Period (around 239 BC), also known as Lu Lan. This book is divided into 12 chapters, 8 readings, 6 treatises, 12 volumes, 116 articles and more than 200,000 words. It was written in 239 BC, just before Qin unified the six countries. Lv Buwei was the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty at the end of the Warring States Period. A native of Weiguo Puyang (now southwest of Puyang, Henan).
4. China must recite the common sense of literature.
Collection of Common Sense of Chinese Literature in Senior High School 1. The literature from ancient China to Qin Shihuang's unification of China (22 BC1year) is called pre-Qin literature.
Myth existed before the invention of writing. Myth is full of rich imagination and is the source of China's romantic literature.
3. The most popular myths in China are "Goddess of mending the sky", "Houyi shooting at the sun", "Jingwei filling the sea" and "Goddess of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon". 4. Shangshu is the earliest collection of historical documents in China, and it is said that it was edited by Confucius.
5. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, including 305 pieces of music from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. 6. The Songs of Chu was compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty, which included the poems of Qu Yuan and Song Yu. Because of its Chu voice, it is called Chu Ci, which has a far-reaching influence on later literary creation.
7. Qu Yuan is a great patriotic poet in China, and Li Sao is his masterpiece. 8. "The road to Xiu Yuan is long and the road to Xiu Yuan is long, and I will go up and down to find it" is a famous sentence in Qu Yuan's Lisao.
9. Pre-Qin prose refers to the prose in the pre-Qin period, which is divided into historical prose and various schools of thought prose. Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy are the representatives of historical prose in the pre-Qin period.
The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mozi and Zhuangzi are the representatives of pre-Qin hundred schools of thought. 10, Zuo Zhuan is China's first narrative historical work, which has made great achievements in history, literature and language.
1 1. The Analects of Confucius is a documentary collection of essays, which recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and his students and was written by Confucius' students. This Confucian classic has a great influence on China culture.
12, "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends from afar?" (It's a great pleasure to have friends from afar) "Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you" (don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you), which is a famous saying in The Analects of Confucius. 13, Han Fu is a new literary form in Han Dynasty.
This is a poetic essay. Jia Yi was an outstanding politician and writer in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty.
His most famous essay is on Qin, a political essay. 15, Sima Xiangru was an outstanding writer of Ci and Fu in the Western Han Dynasty, with Zi Xufu and Shanglin Fu as his representative works.
16, Historical Records is a historical book written by Sima Qian, a famous historian in the Western Han Dynasty, and also a model of biographical literature. 17, Yuefu folk songs in the Han Dynasty played an important role in the history of China's poetry development.
Yuefu originally refers to the institution established by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to adopt music. Help each other ~ thank you very much ~.
5. On the literary value of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals.
The literary value of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals can be summarized in three aspects: First, the genius vision.
Diversified metaphors, numerous myths and fables, delicate descriptions, personalized images, unique language styles and colorful expressions constitute the most prominent part of the literary value of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals. Second, the boldness of vision is grand and full of momentum.
The articles in Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals are extensive and profound. This feature is manifested through the comprehensive application of rhetorical devices such as parallelism, reselection and hierarchical presentation, as well as the comprehensive application of permutation, hierarchical promotion and analogy promotion.
Third, the feelings are clear, and the praise is clear. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals satirizes and criticizes the times and people, and hopes and praises the ideal society and ideal personality, which can be described as a clear distinction between praise and criticism, with a certain emotional tendency.
6. On the literary value of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals.
The literary value of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals can be summarized in three aspects: First, the genius vision.
Diversified metaphors, numerous myths and fables, delicate descriptions, personalized images, unique language styles and colorful expressions constitute the most prominent part of the literary value of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals. Second, the boldness of vision is grand and full of momentum.
The articles in Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals are extensive and profound. This feature is manifested through the comprehensive application of rhetorical devices such as parallelism, reselection and hierarchical presentation, as well as the comprehensive application of permutation, hierarchical promotion and analogy promotion.
Third, the feelings are clear, and the praise is clear. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals satirizes and criticizes the times and people, and hopes and praises the ideal society and ideal personality, which can be described as a clear distinction between praise and criticism, with a certain emotional tendency.