Lu Xun (1881.9.25 ~1936.10.19), a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, was originally named Zhou Shuren, and later renamed Yucai. He often wears a simple Chinese robe, his hair stands upright like a brush, and his thick beard forms the word "one" in an official script. Chairman Mao commented that he was a great proletarian writer, thinker and revolutionary, and the main commander of China's cultural revolution. Also known as "soul of china" by the people. Mr. Lu Xun 188 1 was born in a bureaucratic landlord family in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. /kloc-when he was 0/3 years old, his grandfather, who was an official in Beijing, was imprisoned for cheating in the imperial examination. Since then, my father has been ill for a long time and eventually died, and his family has fallen, so he sold the house. Family changes have had a far-reaching impact on young Lu Xun. He is the eldest son of the family, with a lonely and weak mother and a young sister in law. He must bear the burden of life with his mother. The innocent and lively childhood ended in this way, and he experienced the hardships of life and the changes of the world prematurely. He often takes the prescription prescribed by the doctor for his father to the pharmacy to get medicine, and takes things to the pawnshop to sell. When his family was well-off, people around him looked at him with envy, with kindness in his words and tenderness in his eyes. Since the family was poor, the attitudes of people around them have changed: cold words, cold eyes, no good friends talking to him, and a look of contempt. The change of people's attitudes around him left a deep impression on Lu Xun's mind, which caused a great blow to his mind and made him feel that China at that time lacked sincere sympathy and love between people. People are snobs to people and things. Many years later, Lu Xun said with great sadness: "Who fell from a well-off family to a poor situation? I think that on this road, we can probably see the true face of the world. " (Introduction to "Scream") The family changes and the life experience after the changes also made Lu Xun close to the lower class from his childhood. His grandmother lives in the countryside, which gives him the opportunity to get in touch with and understand the life of farmers. Especially before and after his grandfather went to prison, he had to take refuge in relatives in the countryside and live in the countryside for a long time. There, he became friends with children in the country, played with them, rowed boats, watched movies together, and sometimes "stole" beans and cooked them in their fields. There is no mutual discrimination and hatred between them, only mutual care and love. Lu Xun remembered and described his simple and sincere relationship with rural children as the best interpersonal relationship in his life. At that time, the average scholar took three roads: one was to study and be an official. If you are not an official, you can also be a "screen friend" of bureaucrats. If the first two roads fail, you can still go into business. Lu Xun took another road that was most despised at that time: entering the "foreign school". In China at that time, it was generally regarded as a despicable activity of "selling souls to foreign devils". 1898, 18-year-old Lu Xun left his hometown and took eight silver dollars borrowed by his loving mother to enter Nanjing Naval Academy, which was later changed to Nanjing Road and Mine School. These two schools were established by the Westernization School to enrich Qiang Bing, offering courses such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, and imparting natural science knowledge. During this period, Lu Xun read works on foreign literature and social sciences and broadened his horizons. In particular, Yan Fu's translation of Huxley's Theory of Evolution, an Englishman, had a profound influence on Lu Xun. Evolution is a book introducing Darwin's theory of evolution, which makes Lu Xun realize that the real world is not harmonious and perfect, but full of fierce competition. To survive and develop, a person and a nation must have the spirit of self-reliance, independence and self-improvement. Can't be at the mercy of fate, can't be bullied by the strong. Mr. Lu Xun's outstanding performance in Nanjing Road Mining School gave him the opportunity to study abroad at public expense after graduation. 1902, he went to Japan, began to study Japanese at Hongwen College in Tokyo, and later entered Sendai Medical College (now Tohoku University School of Medicine). He chose to study medicine in order to treat patients who were victimized by quacks like his father and improve the health of China people who were ridiculed as "the sick man of East Asia". Lu Xun wanted to enlighten the people of China through medicine. But his dream didn't last long before it was shattered by the harsh reality. In Japan, as a citizen of a weak country, Lu Xun is often highly discriminated against by Japanese with militaristic tendencies. In their eyes, all China people are "imbeciles". Lu Xun scored 95 points in anatomy, so he suspected that Fujino Genkuro, the anatomy teacher, had leaked the examination questions to him. This made Lu Xun feel deeply sad as a weak country. On one occasion, in the slide show before class, Lu Xun saw a Chinese detective being beheaded by the Japanese army, while a group of China people stood by and watched. Lu Xun was greatly stimulated. At this time, he has realized that mental numbness is more terrible than physical weakness. To change the tragic fate of the Chinese nation in the world, the first thing is to change the spirit of all China people, and the first thing that is good at changing the spirit of China people is literature and art, so Lu Xun left Sendai Medical College and returned to Tokyo to translate foreign literary works, organize literary magazines, publish articles and engage in literary activities. At that time, what he discussed most with his friends was China's national character: what is the ideal human nature? What is China's national character lacking most? What is the root cause? Through this kind of thinking, Lu Xun linked his personal life experience with the fate of the whole Chinese nation, which laid the basic ideological foundation for him to become a writer and thinker later. During his study in Japan, Mr. Lu Xun initially formed his world outlook and outlook on life. However, Lu Xun's thoughts and feelings were not only incomprehensible to most Japanese at that time, but also difficult to get a wide response from students studying in China. The foreign novels he translated can only sell dozens, and the literary magazines he organized can't be published because of lack of funds. The difficulty of family planning forced Lu Xun to return to China to find a job. From 65438 to 0909, he returned from Japan and taught in Hangzhou Zhejiang Normal School (now Hangzhou Senior High School) and Shaoxing High School. This period is a period of extreme depression of Lu Xun's thought. 19 1 1 year also excited him for a while, but then Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, zhang xun restoration and other historical scandals were constantly staged. The Revolution of 1911 did not change the stagnant reality of China. Social chaos, national disaster and personal changes in marriage life all made Lu Xun feel depressed and depressed. After the May 4th Movement, his repressed thoughts and feelings exploded like lava through literary works. At that time, he was already working in the Ministry of Education and moved to Beijing with the Ministry of Education. 19 18, Mr. Lu Xun published his first vernacular novel Diary of a Madman in New Youth magazine, which was the first time he published an article under the pseudonym of "Lu Xun". Diary of a Madman is also China's earliest modern vernacular novel. This novel embodies all Lu Xun's painful life experiences from childhood and all his painful thoughts on the modern destiny of the Chinese nation. Through the mouth of a madman, it denounced China's feudal autocracy for thousands of years as a history of "cannibalism" and sent out "Never been like this?" Seriously questioned and shouted: "Save the child! Lu Xun's novels are few in number, but they are of great significance. Lu Xun focused on the bottom of society and described the daily life and mental state of these bottom people. This is inseparable from Lu Xun's creative purpose. Lu Xun said: "My materials are mostly taken from the unfortunate people in a morbid society, aiming to expose the suffering of the disease and attract the attention of treatment. "("How can I start a novel with a southern accent and a northern accent ") This creative purpose of expressing and improving life has enabled him to describe the most common tragic fate of some of the most ordinary people, such as Kong Yiji, Hua Laoshuan, Shan Sisi, Ah Q, Chen Shicheng, Xianglinsao and Ai Gu. These people live at the bottom of society and need sympathy, pity, care and love from people around them most. But in China society at that time, people gave them insults and discrimination, indifference and ruthlessness. Is such a society a normal society? Is this interpersonal relationship reasonable? What saddens us most is that they live in a world without love and are tortured by life, but they also lack sincere sympathy for each other. They take an indifferent and even appreciative attitude towards the tragic fate of their own kind, and vent their pent-up resentment when they are oppressed and bullied by bullies weaker than themselves. In Kong Yiji, there are short-sleeved guests who maliciously ridicule Kong Yiji; In The True Story of Ah Q, others bullied Ah Q, and Ah Q bullied a little nun who was weaker than himself. In Blessing, villagers in Luzhen appreciate Sister Xianglin's tragedy as an interesting story ... All this makes people feel a chill. Lu Xun's attitude towards them is "mourn their misfortune and anger their indisputable". Lu Xun loves them, but he hopes that they will realize that they can stand on their own feet, be independent, be self-reliant and have the principle of being a man. Mr. Lu Xun has an abhorrent attitude towards powerful people and hypocrites. Ding in Kong Yiji, Grandpa Zhao in The True Story of Ah Q, Master Lu Si in Blessing, Guo Laowa in The Ever-burning Lamp, and the seven great men in Divorce are all such powerful figures. They are very powerful, but they have no sincere concern for the fate of others and no enthusiasm for social progress. They only care about their own power and status, selfish, hypocritical and cold, which hinders the progress and improvement of society. Siming in soap and Gao Li Gao are hypocrites and hypocrites. They claim to care about social morality, but in fact they are all immoral people, just like Ye Gong in the fable. Mr. Lu Xun's novels describe the ordinary life of ordinary people. There are no bizarre stories and fascinating plots, but they are full of infinite artistic charm. Where does this charm come from? It comes from his detailed description of people and life and his incisive description of people's subtle psychology. There is always a "joy of discovery" when reading Lu Xun's novels. The picture is an ordinary picture and the characters are ordinary characters, but in such an ordinary picture and ordinary characters, we can always notice the characteristics that we don't usually notice and perceive the psychological activities of the characters that we don't usually notice. It is precisely because of this meticulous description and incisive psychological portrayal that the artistic charm of Lu Xun's novels has become more mellow as time goes by. When we were young, we were inexperienced. Primary and middle school students in the north are not familiar with the local customs described in the story, such as Luzhen, Santan and Yinyue, and have no more personal experience of life. Lu Xun's novels have entered our sensory world as a whole. In order to reveal the different meanings of different life scenes and the fate of different characters, the structure of Lu Xun's novels is changeable, with almost one style and one writing style. Diary of a Madman is different from The True Story of Ah Q, Kong Yiji is different from White Light, hometown is different from Blessing, and lonely people are different from Mourning for the Past. Not only the structural style is different, but also the pitch rhythm is different. "Kong Yiji" is so simple and cold, and "Regret for the Past" is so tortuous and profound. Lu Xun's novels are both novels and poems. They take ordinary social life as the theme and reflect the life of working people as a whole. Deep artistic conception, cold outside and hot inside, he used the skills of national language to reach a perfect level. While creating Scream and Wandering, Mr. Lu Xun also created a collection of essays, Flowers in the Morning and Flowers in the Evening, and a collection of prose poems, Weeds. The former was published in 1928 and the latter in 1937. If the novels in Scream and Hesitation are Lu Xun's grim portrayal of real social life and are intended to alert the sleeping people, then the prose in Morning Flowers is Lu Xun's warm memories and deep memory of the people and things that nourished his life. When I was a child, Mr. Fujino, the nanny's mother, gave him sincere care in a discriminated environment. Fan Ainong, an old friend with a rough and arrogant life, gave him a "Herbal Garden" full of infinite fun, as well as folk dramas and folk entertainment activities that attracted his curiosity ... All these revealed bright colors and warmth in this sinister world background, which nourished Lu Xun's life. These essays are lyrical, narrative and argumentative, sometimes like a calm harbor, sometimes like a rolling sea, sometimes like a rushing river, and sometimes like a winding stream, which embodies the artistic achievements of Lu Xun's prose creation. Different from the clear and meticulous prose in Morning Flowers and Evening Picks, the prose poetry in Weeds presents an ethereal and fantastic artistic conception. They are like clouds of emotion, spinning and floating in the air, changing into various unexpected shapes. Lu Xun's inner anguish turned into a dream and a transcendental imagination, which made Wild Grass a wonderful flower in China's modernist literature. Lu Xun once said to others: "My philosophy is all in Weeds. "Lu Xun's deepest emotional experience and the most mysterious philosophical sentiment are all conveyed through this strange artistic means. Lu Xun's artistic creativity is amazing. Lu Xun's essays should first fully reflect his creative spirit and creativity. " Essays have existed since ancient times, and similar examples can be found in foreign essays. However, only in the modern cultural history of China and in the hands of Lu Xun did "essays" show its unique artistic charm and great ideological potential. Lu Xun's essays can be said to be an "epic" of China's modern culture, which not only recorded Lu Xun's fighting achievements in his life, but also recorded the ideological and cultural history of China at that time. When modern intellectuals in China want to create a new culture and new ideas suitable for the modern development of China, they are slandered and attacked by different classes, different figures, different angles and different ways. Lu Xun's essays are naturally formed in this ideological and cultural struggle with no fixed front and no fixed enemies. From the May 4th Movement, Lu Xun began to struggle against various arguments against the new culture in the form of essays, but he was not conscious at that time. Later, some people began to laugh at him as an "essayist", and he became more aware of the power of "essays" and began to consciously engage in essay creation. Lu Xun said that essays are "nerves of induction" and can "react or fight against harmful things immediately", thus opening up a tortuous road for the development of new culture and new ideas in the thorns of old culture and old ideas, so that they can exist, develop and grow. Lu Xun wrote 65,438+in his life, such as Grave, Hot Wind, Collection of Gai Hua, Collection of Continued Covering Flowers, Three Ji Xian, Collection of Two Hearts, Mobilizing the South to the North, Pseudo-Free Book, Quasi-Romantic Talk, Lace Literature, Essays on Cutting Pavilion, In this 15 collection of essays, Lu Xun extended his brush strokes to various cultural phenomena and different people of different classes, with ruthless exposure, angry accusations, sharp criticism, bitter satire, witty humor, meticulous analysis, decisive judgment, passionate expression, painful cries, cordial encouragement and enthusiastic praise. It freely and boldly expresses the feelings and emotional experiences of modern people, and opens up a broader road for the development of China's prose. The status of Lu Xun's essays in the history of modern literature in China is undeniable. In his later years, Mr. Lu Xun also completed a collection of novels, New Stories (published by 1936). This collection of novels is based on China's ancient myths and legends and historical facts, but it does not stick to the original story, but adds Lu Xun's own understanding and imagination, and some of them also adopt the writing technique of blending ancient and modern, so that ancient people and modern people can have a direct dialogue. The purpose of Lu Xun's doing this is to let us feel and understand the true face of some real people through the feelings and understanding of real people and the ancients. Through the novels in New Stories, Lu Xun actually reconstructed the cultural history of China, revealed the foundation of the existence and development of the Chinese nation, and reshaped the image of historical figures sanctified by feudal literati in China. Mending the sky can be regarded as a "genesis" of the Chinese nation. In Lu Xun's view, it is not the ancient sages and emperors who truly embody the fundamental spirit of the Chinese nation, but the Nu Wa who created the Chinese nation. She is the source and symbol of Chinese national vitality. "Running to the Moon" is about the tragedy of ancient heroes, which saved mankind in nine days, but those selfish and narrow-minded people don't want to inherit and carry forward his heroic spirit, just want to use him to achieve their selfish and narrow-minded goals. He was assassinated by his own students and abandoned by his wife. Casting Sword shows the theme of revenge of the oppressed on their oppressors. "Water control" and "non-attack" praised the politicians and thinkers who practiced in ancient China. Yu He is the backbone of the Chinese nation. Confucius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Boyi and Shu Qi, historical figures, have really become funny but still lovely living figures in Lu Xun's works. Lu Xun's New Stories expresses serious themes in an absurd way, and creates a brand-new way of writing historical novels. Mr. Lu Xun has his own brand-new creations in short stories, essays, prose poems, historical novels and essays. His life is a life of struggle for the survival and development of the Chinese nation. He used his pen to maintain social justice, resist power, protect youth and cultivate new forces. In the early stage, he enthusiastically supported the just struggle of young students, exposed the criminal acts of the Duan government in suppressing the student movement and creating the "March 18th" tragedy, and wrote a series of shocking articles such as "In Memory of the King". Later, he opposed the bloody suppression of the Kuomintang government on the producers and progressive youth, joined the League of Chinese Left-wing Writers and the League of Civil Rights Protection, and wrote a series of articles full of righteousness and justice, such as Commemorating Forgetting. "Lu Xun's bones are the hardest. He's not servile. This is the most precious character of colonial and semi-colonial people. (Mao Zedong: On New Democracy) 1936 10 09 10/9, Mr. Lu Xun died of tuberculosis in Shanghai, and tens of thousands of people in Shanghai spontaneously held public sacrifices and funerals and were buried in Hongqiao International Cemetery. His coffin was covered with a flag that said "soul of china". 1956, Lu Xun's body was buried in Hongkou Park, and Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the reconstructed Lu Xun's tomb. Before his death, he left his last words: "First, you can't charge any money for the funeral. But a friend's is not in this case. Second, quickly converge, bury and pull down. Third, don't do commemorative things. Fourth, forget me and mind your own life. If not, it is really a fool. When a child grows up, if he has no talent, he can find something small to live on, and never be a short writer or an artist. 6. Don't take others' promises to you seriously. 7. Never approach a person who hurts others' teeth but opposes revenge and advocates tolerance. " Shakespeare said: "A person's last words, like deep music, have a natural power to attract attention. "Lu Xun's life works and translations are nearly 6.5438+million words, including essays * * * 654.38+06. Among them, Hometown, Kong Yiji and Two Poems were selected as the second volume of the second phase of curriculum reform. From "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "San Tan Yin Yue", A Chang and Shan Hai Jing, Kite, Snow, Mr. Fujino and Social Drama have all been selected as Chinese textbooks for junior middle school people's education edition. The book Morning Flowers and Evening Flowers has also become one of the must-read books for middle school students, and his collection of novels "Scream" and "Wandering" has also become a spiritual masterpiece of later generations. Since 19 18, famous novels such as Diary of a Madman, The True Story of Ah Q, Medicine and Hometown have been published successively, and later included in the novel collection Scream.