190 1 year
The Dutchman Jacobus Henricus van't hoff (1852-1911) studied the correlation between chemical kinetics and osmotic pressure of solution.
1902
E. Fisher (Emil Fischer, 1852— 19 19) Germans studied the synthesis of sugar and purine derivatives.
1903
Swede Arrhenius (Sir WilUsm Ramsay,1852-1916) put forward ionization theory.
1904
The Englishman Sir William Ramsay (1852— 19 16) discovered inert gas.
1905
German Bayer (Adolf von Bayer,1835-1917) studied organic dyes and aromatic compounds.
1906
Henri Moissan (1852-1907) was a Frenchman who prepared the element fluorine.
1907
The German Buchner (1860-1907) found that there was no cell fermentation.
1908
E. Rutherford (ernest rutherford,1871-1937), an Englishman, studied element transformation and radioactive substance chemistry.
1909
Friedrich Wilhein Ostwald (1853-1932) is a German who studies catalysis, chemical equilibrium and reaction rate.
19 10 year
Wallach (1847—1931) is a German who studies alicyclic compounds.
19 1 1 year
Mi (abbreviation of meter)) Marie Curie (1667- 1934) (female) discovered radium and polonium and separated radium.
19 12 years
The Frenchman victor grignard (1871-1935) found that magnesium was used as a reagent for organic reactions.
Sabatier (1854— 194 1), a Frenchman, studied the catalytic reaction of organic deoxidation.
19 13 years
Swiss Werner (A 1fred Werner, 1866- 19 19) studied the coordination of atoms in molecules and put forward the coordination theory.
discuss
19 14 years
T.W. Richards Theodore William Richards (1968-1928) is an American who accurately measured the atomic weights of a large number of elements.
19 15
German Richard Wilstadt (1872-1924) studied plant pigments, especially chlorophyll.
19 16 has no prize.
19 17 has no prize.
19 18
German Haber (Fritz Haber,1868-1930) invented the industrial synthetic ammonia method.
19 19 did not win the prize.
1920
German Walter Nernst (1864-1941) studied thermochemistry and put forward the third law of thermodynamics.
192 1 year
Soddy (1877— 1956) is an Englishman, who studies the existence and properties of isotopes.
1922
Aston (Francis Willian Aston,1877-1945), an Englishman, studied mass spectrometry and found integer programming.
1923
Austrian Fritz Fritz fritz pregl (1869-1930) studied the microanalysis of organic compounds.
1924 didn't win the prize.
1925
Austrian Richard Zsigmondy (1865— 1929) expounded the multiphase nature of colloidal solution.
1926
Swede theodor svedberg (1884— 197 1) invented an ultracentrifuge for studying dispersed systems.
1927
Vilander (1877— 1957) was a German who studied the composition of cholic acid.
1928
German adolf windaus (1876— 1959) studied the composition of cholesterol and its relationship with vitamins.
1929
Sir Arthur Harden (1865— 1940), an Englishman, studied sugar fermentation and its relationship with enzymes.
Swedish Ajler (1865— 1940) studied coenzyme.
1930
H. the german fisher (Uails Fischer,1881-1945) studied heme and chlorophyll to synthesize heme.
193 1 year
German karl Bosch (1874— 1940) studied the application of high pressure method in chemistry.
German Bergius (1994— 1949) studied the application of high pressure method in chemistry.
1932
Langmuir (1881-1957), an American, studied surface chemistry and adsorption theory.
1933 There is no prize.
1934
American Yuri (harold clayton urey, 1893— 198 1) discovered heavy hydrogen.
1935
French F. Aurio-Curie (1900- 1958) synthesized artificial radioactive elements.
1. Irene Joliot-Curie (female: 1897- 1956), a Frenchman, artificially synthesized radioactive elements.
1936
The Dutchman Peter Joseph William Debye (1884— 197 1) studied dipole moment and X-ray diffraction.
1937
The Englishman Howard (Sir Walter Haworth, 1883— 1950) studied carbohydrates and vitamin C.
Paul Karrer (1889—1971) is a Swiss who studies carotenoids, riboflavin and vitamin B2.
1938
R. german Riehard Kuhn (1900-1967) studied carotenoids and vitamins.
1939
Adolf butenandt (1903-) is a German who studies sex hormones.
Leopold Ruzicka (1887—1976) is a Swiss who studies polymethylene and higher terpenes.
1940 did not win the prize.
194 1 year without prizes.
1942 did not win the prize.
1943
Hungarian Hevesy (1885— 1966) used isotopes as tracer atoms in chemical research.
1944
German Hahn (otto hahn, 1879- 1968) discovered the heavy nuclear fission phenomenon.
1945
Finnish Virtanen (1895-1973) invented the method of feed preservation.
1946
American sumner (1887- 1955) discovered crystalline protease.
Northrop, USA (189 1-), preparing enzymes and virus proteins in performance state.
Wendell meredith Stanley (1904— 197 1), an American, prepares performance state enzymes and virus proteins.
1947
Sir Robert Robinson (1886— 1975) is an Englishman who studies alkaloids and other plant products.
1948
Arme Wilhelm Kaur in Tiselius (1902-1971) from Sweden studied the electrophoresis and adsorption analysis of he and serum proteins.
1949
William francis giauque (1895- 1982), an American, studied the properties of matter at ultra-low temperature.
1950
German Otto Diers (1876-1954) discovered the synthesis of dienes.
German Kurt Alder (1902-1958) discovered the synthesis of dienes.
195 1 year
American Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907—) discovered and studied transuranium elements americium, curium, thulium and californium.
American Seeburg (19 12-) discovered and studied the transuranium elements americium, curium, thulium and californium.
1952
A. An Englishman (Arcger Martin, 19 10-) invented partition chromatography.
Richard synge (19 14-), an Englishman, invented partition chromatography.
1953
German staudinger (1881-1965) put forward the concept of macromolecules.
1954
Linus pauling (190 1-) is an American who studies the nature of chemical bonds.
1955
Vincent du vignaud1901-1978 is an American, who synthesizes peptides and hormones.
1956
Semenoff (1896-) studied the chemical kinetics of gas phase reaction in the Soviet Union.
American Hinshelwood (1897— 1967) studied the chemical kinetics of gas phase reaction.
1957
Sir Alexander Robert Us Todd (1907-) is an Englishman who studies nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes.
1958
British frederick sanger (19 18-) determined the molecular structure of insulin.
1959
Czech Heyrovsk, Jaroslav (1890- 1967) invented polarographic analysis.
1960
American willard frank libby (1908-1980) invented the method of measuring geological age with radioactive carbon-14.
196 1 year
Kelvin (19 1 1-) is an American who studies the chemical process of photosynthesis.
1962
The Englishman Chen Drew (19 17-) determined the structure of hemoglobin.
British Peruz (19 14-) determined the structure of hemoglobin.
1963
Giulio Natta (1903 ——1979) is an Italian. He studies the catalytic polymerization of ethylene and propylene.
German Kafl Ziegler (1898—1973) studied the catalytic polymerization of ethylene and propylene.
1964
D.C. Hodgkin (female), UK, anti-pernicious anemia test.
Structure of biochemical compound vitamin B 12.
1965
Robert Burns Woodward (1917-1979) is an American. He synthesized sterols, chlorophyll, vitamin B 12 and other substances that only exist in organisms.
1966
American milliken (1896-) used molecular orbital method to study chemical bonds and molecular structures.
1967
Eigen (Manfred Eigen, 1927-) is a German. He studies extremely fast chemical reactions.
Englishman Norrish (1897— 1978) studied extremely fast chemical reactions.
The Englishman Ceorge Porter (1920-) studied extremely fast chemical reactions.
1968
American Onsager (1903— 1976) founded the thermodynamic theory of irreversible process.
1969
Derek Harold Richard Barton (19 18-) is an Englishman who studies the three-dimensional conformation of organic compounds.
Norwegian hassell (1897-) studied the three-dimensional conformation of organic compounds.
1970
Argentine Luis Federico Leroir (1906-) discovered glyconucleotides and their role in carbohydrate synthesis.
197 1 year
Canadian Herzberg (1904-) studies molecular spectra, especially the electronic structure of free radicals.
1972
Christian Borhmer Anfinsen (1916-) is an American who studies the basic theory of enzyme chemistry.
Murray (Stanford Moore, 19 13- 1982) is an American who studies the basic theory of enzyme chemistry.
William H. Stein (191-1980) is an American who studies the basic theory of enzyme chemistry.
1973
Fisher (Otto Fischer, 19 18-) is a German who studies organometallic compounds.
Cerffrey Wilkinson (192 1-) is an Englishman who studies organometallic compounds.
1974
American P.J. Flory (1910-1985) studied long-chain molecules and made nylon 66.
1975
Cornforth (19 17-) is an Englishman who studies stereochemistry.
Vladimir Prelogue (1906-) is a Swiss who studies stereochemistry.
1976
Weiham Nunn Lipscomb (19 19-) is an American who studies the structure of borane and carborane.
1977
I.llyaPrigogine (1lya Prigogine, 19 17-) is a Belgian who studies dissipative structure theory in thermodynamics.
1978
P.D. Mitchell (1920-) is an Englishman who studies the process of energy transfer in biological systems.
1979
H.C. Brown (Herbert Charles Brown, 19 12-) is an American. He uses compounds of boron and phosphorus in organic synthesis.
German georg wittig (1897-) used compounds of boron and phosphorus in organic synthesis.
1980
American w Gilbert (1932-) prepared mixed DNA for the first time.
American P Burt (Paul Berg, 1926-) established the chemical and biological analysis methods of DNA structure.
Frederick sanger (19 18-), an Englishman, established chemical and biological analysis methods of DNA structure.
198 1 year
Japanese Kenichi Fukui (1918-) explained the molecular orbital symmetry in chemical reactions.
R. American Hoffman (Roald Hoffmann, 1937-) proposed the conservation of molecular orbital symmetry.
1982
Aaron Klug (1926 ——), an Englishman, defined the structure of biological substances.
1983
American henry taube (19 15-) studied complex and nitrogen fixation mechanism.
1984
Merifield (192 1-) is an American who studies peptide synthesis.
1985
Hauptmann (19 17-), an American, developed a method to determine the molecular and crystal structures.
Carrle (19 18-), an American, developed a method to determine the molecular and crystal structures.
1986
American Dudley Hercus Bach (1932-) studied the crossed molecular beam method.
American Li Yuanzhe (1936-) studied the crossed molecular beam method.
Polani (John C Polani, 1929 ——), a German, studied the crossed molecular beam method.
1987
Pedersen (1904-), an American, synthesized low-molecular-weight organic compounds with special properties and made contributions to the research and application of molecules.
Jean-Marie Lehn (1939-), a Frenchman, synthesized low-molecular-weight organic compounds with special properties and made contributions to molecular research and application.
Donald Cram (19 19-), an American, synthesized low-molecular-weight organic compounds with special properties and made contributions to molecular research and application.
1988
Robert huber, a German, first determined the three-dimensional structure of the reaction center of photosynthesis, and revealed the structural characteristics of protein complexes bound by modes.
Johann Hoff, a German, first determined the three-dimensional structure of the reaction center of photosynthesis and revealed the structural characteristics of the protein complex bound by mode.
Hartnut Michel, a German, first determined the three-dimensional structure of the reaction center of photosynthesis, revealing the structural characteristics of protein complexes bound by modes.
1989
South Altman) (1939-)
Altman, a South American, won the prize for discovering the biocatalysis of RNA.
Altman and Cech discovered the biocatalysis of RNA at 1978 and 198 1 respectively. This study not only provides clues for exploring the replication ability of RNA, but also shows that the earliest living organisms are RNA with biocatalysis and genetic function, which breaks the conclusion that protein is the origin of organisms.
Cech (temporary Cech) (1947-)
T. American R.Cech shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Altman for discovering the biocatalysis of RNA.
They independently found that ribonucleic acid (RNA) not only passively transmits genetic information, but also acts as an enzyme, which can catalyze chemical reactions necessary for life in cells. Before they found out, people thought that only protein could act as an enzyme. He first proved that RNA molecules can catalyze chemical reactions, and published his research results in 1982, and confirmed this enzyme of RNA in 1983.
1990
Corey (E.J. Corey) (1928-)
Cory, an American chemist, founded the unique theory of organic synthesis-inverse synthesis analysis theory, which made the organic synthesis scheme systematic and logical. Based on this theory, he wrote the first computer-aided design program of organic synthesis route, which won the prize in 1990.
In 1960s, Corey created a unique method of organic synthesis-inverse synthesis analysis, which added new content to the realization of organic synthesis theory. Different from the early practice of chemists, the inverse synthesis analysis method is to start with small molecules, repeatedly try what kind of molecules they constitute-the structure of target molecules, and analyze which chemical bonds can be broken, thus breaking complex macromolecules into smaller parts, which are usually available or easy to obtain. It is very easy to synthesize complex organic compounds from these simple materials. His research has successfully made the synthesis of plastics, man-made fibers, pigments, dyes, pesticides and drugs easy, and the chemical synthesis steps can be designed and controlled by computers.
He also used inverse synthesis analysis to synthesize 100 kinds of important natural substances in test tubes. Before that, people thought that natural substances could not be synthesized artificially. Professor Corey also synthesized physiologically active substances that affect blood coagulation and immune system function in human body. The research results have prolonged people's life and enjoyed a higher level of life.
199 1 year
Ernst (R.Ernst) (1933-)
Swiss scientist Ernst won the prize for inventing Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. After his careful improvement, nuclear magnetic resonance technology has become a basic and necessary tool in chemistry, and he has also extended the application of research results to other disciplines.
In 1966, he cooperated with his American colleagues and found that the sensitivity of NMR spectrum can be significantly improved by replacing the slow scanning radio waves with short strong pulses. His discovery enables this technology to be used to analyze more kinds of nuclei and less matter. His second important contribution in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a technology that can study very large molecules in two-dimensional space with high resolution. Using his carefully improved technology, scientists can determine the three-dimensional structure of organic and inorganic compounds and biological macromolecules such as protein, study the interaction between biological molecules and other substances such as metal ions, water and drugs, identify chemical species, and study the chemical reaction rate.
1992
Marcus (R. Marcus) (1923-)
Marcus, a Canadian-born American scientist, expressed in a simple mathematical way how the energy of a molecular system is affected by intermolecular electron transfer. His research results laid the foundation of the theory of electron transfer process and won the 1992 Nobel Prize.
It has been more than 20 years since he discovered this theory and won the prize. His theory is practical. It can remove the corrosion phenomenon, explain the photosynthesis of plants and explain the cold light emitted by fireflies. Now if children ask the question "Why do fireflies glow" again, it will be easier to answer.
1993
Mi (short for meter)) Smith (1932-2000)
Smith, a Canadian scientist, won the 1993 Nobel Prize for inventing the method of "oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis" for recombinant DNA, that is, "directed mutagenesis" for the target gene. This technology can change the genetic information in genetic material and is the most important technology in bioengineering.
In this method, the normal gene is first spliced to make it into a single-stranded form of viral DNA, and then other small fragments of the gene can be synthesized in the laboratory. Except for mutated genes, synthetic gene fragments and the corresponding parts of normal genes are arranged in a row, just like the two sides of a zipper, both of which are worn on the virus. The rest of the second DNA strand can completely form a double helix. The DNA virus with this hybrid infects bacteria, and the regenerated protein is variable, but it can be selected and tested. This technology can change biological genes, especially grain genes, and improve their agronomic traits.
Smith's technology can change the amino acid residue (orange) of enzyme in detergent and improve the stability of enzyme.
Muhlis (1944-)
Muhlis, an American scientist, invented the method of "polymerase chain reaction (PCR)" to copy DNA fragments efficiently, and won the prize with 1993. Using this technology, a large number of DNA molecules can be produced from very small samples, which makes genetic engineering a new tool.
1985, Muhlis invented "polymerase chain reaction" technology. Thanks to this technology, many experts can copy a rare DNA sample into millions, which can be used to detect HIV in human cells and diagnose genetic defects. Some blood and hair can be collected from the crime scene for fingerprint identification. This technology can also produce a large number of DNA molecules from minerals, which is simple and flexible.
The whole process is to pour the required compound into the test tube and heat and cool it continuously through multiple cycles. During the reaction, two components are added. One is a pair of synthetic short DNA fragments attached to both ends of the desired gene as "primers"; The second component is an enzyme. When the test tube is heated, the double helix of DNA is divided into two strands, and each strand has "information". When the temperature drops, the primers can automatically find the complementary proteins of their DNA samples and combine them. This technology can be said to be revolutionary genetic engineering.
Scientists successfully amplified the genetic material of an insect buried in amber 20 million years ago by PCR.
1994
Euler (G.A.OLA) (1927-)
Euler, an American born in Hungary, won the prize for his research on the chemistry of carbon cations, because he found a way to keep carbon cations stable. The research field belongs to organic chemistry, and its achievements in hydrocarbons are particularly outstanding. As early as 1960s, he published a large number of research reports and gained a good reputation in the international scientific community. He is an important figure in the field of chemistry. His basic research results have made great contributions to oil refining technology. This achievement has completely changed the research method of carbon cation, an extremely unstable hydrocarbon, and opened a new page for people to understand the cation structure. More importantly, his discovery can be widely used in various industries, from improving oil refining efficiency and producing unleaded gasoline to improving the quality of plastic products and researching and manufacturing new drugs, which plays an important role in improving people's lives.
1995
Roland (1927-)
Crutzen, Molina and Roland took the lead in studying and explaining the process and mechanism of ozone formation and decomposition in the atmosphere, pointing out that the ozone layer is extremely sensitive to certain compounds, and Freon used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and nitrogen oxides contained in jet aircraft and automobile exhaust will all lead to the expansion of the ozone hole. They won the prize in 1995.
Roland, an American chemist, found that artificial chlorofluorocarbon propellant can accelerate the decomposition of ozone layer and destroy it, which attracted the attention of the United Nations and banned the production of ozone-depleting gases worldwide.
Molina (Mr Molina) (1943-)
Crutzen, Molina and Roland took the lead in studying and explaining the process and mechanism of ozone formation and decomposition in the atmosphere, pointing out that the ozone layer is extremely sensitive to certain compounds, and Freon used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and nitrogen oxides contained in jet aircraft and automobile exhaust will all lead to the expansion of the ozone hole. They won the prize in 1995.
The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere of the earth's atmosphere, which can absorb most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun and protect the life on earth from harm. It is they who have clarified the chemical mechanism leading to ozone depletion and found evidence that human activities will lead to ozone depletion. Driven by these studies, the protection of the ozone layer has become a major environmental issue of worldwide concern. 1987 signed the Montreal protocol, which stipulates that the role of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorine, fluorine and hydrocarbons will be gradually banned worldwide.
Molina, an American chemist, won the 1995 Nobel Prize for her research on the decomposition of the ozone layer in 1970s. Molina and Roland found that some gases produced by industry would consume the ozone layer, which led to an international movement in the late 20th century to limit the widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons. Through the experiment of air pollution, he found that chlorofluorocarbon gas rose to the stratosphere and was decomposed into chlorine, fluorine and carbon by ultraviolet rays. At this time, each chlorine atom can destroy nearly 65438+ ten thousand ozone molecules before it becomes inactive. Molina is the main author describing this theory. The discovery of scientists has caused widespread controversy. In the mid-1980s, when the so-called hole in the ozone layer-the region where the ozone layer is depleted-was discovered over the Antarctic region, their theory was confirmed.
Crutzen (P. crutzen) (1933-)
Crutzen, Molina and Roland took the lead in studying and explaining the process and mechanism of ozone formation and decomposition in the atmosphere, pointing out that the ozone layer is extremely sensitive to certain compounds, and the freon used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust of jets and automobiles will all lead to the expansion of the ozone hole. They won the prize in 1995.
The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere of the earth's atmosphere, which can absorb most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun and protect the life on earth from harm. It is they who have clarified the chemical mechanism leading to ozone depletion and found evidence that human activities will lead to ozone depletion. Driven by these studies, the protection of the ozone layer has become a major environmental issue of concern to the world. 1987 signed the Montreal protocol, which stipulates that the role of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons will be gradually banned worldwide.
Crutzen, a Dutchman, won the prize for proving that nitrogen oxides can accelerate the decomposition of stratospheric ozone to protect the earth from solar ultraviolet radiation. Although his research results were not widely accepted at first, it opened the way for other chemists to study the atmosphere in the future.
1996
H.W. Kroto ( 1939-)
H. clotho, together with smalley (R.E.Smalley) and Carl (R.F.Carl), won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the third existing form of carbon-C60 (also known as fullerenes and buckyballs).
Smali (1943-)
R.E. Smali, R.F. Karl and H.W. clotho won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the third existing form of carbon-C60 (also known as fullerene and buckyball).
Cole (R.F. Karl) (1933-)
American R.F.Carl, American R.E.Smalley and British H.W.Kroto won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the third existing form of carbon-C60 (also known as fullerene and buckyball).
1967, architect R.Buckminster Fuller designed a spherical building for the Montreal World Expo, which provided an inspiration for the carbon family structure after 18. Fuller uses hexagons and some pentagons to create a "curved" surface. The winner assumes that the cluster "C60" containing 60 carbon atoms contains 65,438+02 pentagons and 20 hexagons, with one carbon atom at each corner. This carbon ball is the same shape as a football. They call these new carbon spheres C60 "Buckminster fullerenes", and these carbon spheres are called "buckyballs" in spoken English.
Kruto's special interest in red giant stars rich in carbon led to the discovery of fullerenes. For many years, he thought that long-chain molecules of carbon could be formed near red giant stars. Cole suggested cooperating with smalley, using smalley's equipment, evaporating substances with laser beams and analyzing them.
1985 In the autumn, after a week of intense work, Cole, Kruto and smalley were very surprised to find that carbon can also exist in spherical form very stably. They call these new carbon spheres fullerenes. These carbon spheres are formed when graphite evaporates in inert gas. They usually contain 60 or 70 carbon atoms. Around these balls, a new type of carbon chemistry developed. Chemists can embed metals and rare inert gases into carbon spheres to make new superconducting materials and create new organic compounds or new polymer materials. The discovery of fullerenes shows what amazing and fascinating results scientists with different experiences and research goals can create.
Cole, Kruto and smalley have long thought that it is possible to put metal atoms into fullerene cages. In this way, the properties of metals will be completely changed. The first successful experiment was to embed rare earth metal lanthanum into fullerene cages.
After slightly improving the preparation method of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, the smallest tube in the world, can now be made from pure carbon. The diameter of this tube is very small, about 1 nm. Both ends of the pipe can be closed. Because of its unique electrical and mechanical properties, it will be applied in electronic industry.
In the six years since scientists were able to obtain fullerenes, more than 1000 new compounds have been synthesized and their chemical, optical, electrical, mechanical or biological properties have been determined. The production cost of fullerenes is still too high, which limits their application.
Nowadays, there are more than 100 patents on fullerenes, but they still need to be explored before these exciting fullerenes can be widely used in industry.
1997
Jens Sku (19 18-)
1997 chemistry prize was awarded to three scientists, namely, Paul Podel (USA), John E. Walker (UK) and Incesko (Denmark), in recognition of their breakthroughs in the study of ATP, the energy currency of life.
Ince Sco first described the ion pump, which is an enzyme that drives the directional transport of ions across the cell membrane, which is the basic mechanism in all living cells. Since then, experiments have proved that there are several similar ion pumps in cells. He discovered sodium and potassium ions-adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that maintains the balance of sodium and potassium ions in cells. The concentration of sodium ions in cells is lower than that in surrounding body fluids, while the concentration of potassium ions is higher than that in surrounding body fluids. Sodium ion and potassium ion-adenosine triphosphatase plasma pumps must work continuously in our body. If they stop working, our cells will swell or even rupture, and we will lose consciousness immediately. It takes a lot of energy to drive the ion pump-about one-third of adenosine triphosphate produced by human body is used for ion pump activities.
John E. Walker (194 1-)
John E. Walker and two other scientists won the 1997 Nobel Prize in chemistry. John E. Walker crystallized ATP in order to study its structural details. He confirmed that Podel's idea about how to synthesize adenosine triphosphate, namely "molecular machines", was correct. In 198 1, John E. Walker identified the protein gene (DNA) encoding adenosine triphosphate synthase.
Podel (19 18-)
1997 chemistry prize was awarded to three scientists, namely, Paul Podel (USA), John E. Walker (UK) and Incesko (Denmark), in recognition of their breakthroughs in the study of ATP, the energy currency of life. Paul Podel and John E. Walker explained how ATP synthase produces ATP. Adenosine triphosphate synthase exists in chloroplast membrane, mitochondrial membrane and plasma membrane of bacteria. The hydrogen ion concentration difference between the two sides of the membrane drives adenosine triphosphate synthase to synthesize adenosine triphosphate.
Paul Pojer proposed the mechanism of ATP synthase by chemical method. Adenosine triphosphate synthase is like a cylinder composed of α subunit and β subunit alternately. There is also an asymmetric γ nipple in the middle of the cylinder.