Research methods of pedagogy What are the research methods of pedagogy?

First of all, educational research is the driving force to promote educational reform and development. Change the concept of education through educational research; Explore the ways and methods of educational system, educational content and educational methods reform, and provide decision-making basis for educational administrative departments to formulate educational policies, improve educational quality and school-running efficiency. Educational research can not only improve the scientificity of educational decision-making, but also improve the management level and quality of schools.

Secondly, educational research is the basis of developing and perfecting educational science theory. Educational research is the fundamental premise of enriching and perfecting the theoretical system of educational science, and plays an important role in theoretical development and discipline construction.

Finally, educational research can enhance the research ability of researchers and is the main way to train future educational reformers. Educational scientific research is an important means to improve the comprehensive quality of researchers. Especially for teachers, through educational research, they can explore bravely in educational practice, transition from relying solely on experience to relying on theory, master the basic theories and methods of scientific research through understanding, learning and applying educational laws, and become research-oriented and scholar-oriented teachers and future educational reformers.

What are the main research methods of middle school pedagogy?

Investigation is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. It is a purposeful, planned and systematic method to collect materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object. Investigation is a basic research method commonly used in scientific research. It comprehensively uses historical methods, observation methods and scientific methods such as talks, questionnaires, case studies and tests to understand educational phenomena in a planned, thorough and systematic way. And analyze, synthesize, compare and summarize a large number of data collected by the investigation, so as to provide people with regular knowledge. The most commonly used survey method is questionnaire survey, which is a research method of collecting data through written questions, that is, investigators prepare a survey item list, distribute it or mail it to relevant personnel for answers. Then collect, sort out, count and study. Observation method refers to a method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the research object according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain information. Scientific observation is purposeful, planned, systematic and repeatable. In scientific experiments and investigations, observation has the following functions: ① expanding people's perceptual knowledge; (2) inspire people's thinking; ③ Guide new discoveries. Experimental method Experimental method is a scientific research method to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things by changing the main branch and controlling the research object. Its main features are: first, active innovation. Both observation and investigation are aimed at understanding the research object without disturbing it. Find the problem. However, experiments need to actively manipulate experimental conditions, artificially change the existing mode and changing process of objects, and make them obey the needs of scientific understanding. Second, control. Scientific experiments require reducing or eliminating the interference of various irrelevant factors that may affect science according to the needs of research, and understanding the research object in a simplified and purified state. Third, causality. Experiment is an effective tool and necessary way to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things. Literature research method is a method to obtain information by investigating literature according to certain research purposes or topics, so as to comprehensively and correctly understand and master the problems to be studied. Literature research methods are widely used in various disciplines. Its functions are as follows: ① It can understand the history and present situation of related problems and help to determine the research topic. ② It can form an overall impression of the research object, which is helpful for observation and visit. ③ Contrast data of real data can be obtained. (4) help to understand the whole picture of things. Empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. According to the needs of existing scientific theory and practice, it puts forward the design, uses scientific instruments and equipment, and purposefully manipulates them step by step under natural conditions. The activity of determining the causal relationship between conditions and phenomena by observing, recording and measuring the changes of accompanying phenomena. The main purpose is to explain the relationship between various independent variables and a dependent variable. Quantitative analysis In scientific research, people can further refine their understanding of the research object through quantitative analysis, so as to reveal the law more scientifically, grasp the essence and clarify the relationship. Predict the development trend of things. Qualitative analysis is the qualitative analysis of the research object. Specifically, it is to use induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstract generalization and other methods to process the obtained materials, so that we can get rid of the rough, get rid of the false and keep the true, understand the essence of things from the outside to the inside, and reveal the internal laws. Interdisciplinary research method is a method of comprehensive research on a subject as a whole by using the theories, methods and achievements of multiple disciplines, also known as "cross-research method". The law of scientific development movement shows that science is highly integrated in high differentiation and forms a unified whole. According to the statistics of relevant experts, there are now more than 2,000 disciplines in the world, and the trend of discipline differentiation is still intensifying. But at the same time, the links between disciplines are getting closer and closer, and there is a trend of unification in language, methods and some concepts. Case study method is a research method to identify a specific object among the research objects, investigate and analyze it, and find out its characteristics and formation process. There are three basic types of case studies: (1) personal investigation, that is, investigation and study of a person in an organization; (2) Group investigation, that is, investigation and study of an organization or group; (3) problem investigation, that is, to investigate a phenomenon or problem. Functional analysis is a method used by social science to analyze social phenomena, and it is also one of the commonly used analytical methods in social investigation. It explains social phenomena by explaining how social phenomena meet the needs of a social system (that is, what functions they have). Quantitative research method, also known as "statistical analysis method" and "quantitative analysis method", refers to a research method to understand and reveal the interrelationships, changing laws and development trends of things through the analysis and research of the quantitative relations such as the scale, speed, scope and degree of the research object, so as to achieve the correct explanation and prediction of things. Model method is to create a similar model according to the main characteristics of the prototype, and then indirectly study the description method of the prototype through the model. According to the similarity between model and prototype, simulation methods can be divided into physical simulation and mathematical simulation. Exploratory research method is a high-level scientific research activity. It uses known information to explore and create new knowledge and produce novel and unique results or products. Information research method Information research method is a scientific research method using the functions of information research system. Weiner, an American mathematician, communication engineer and physiologist, believes that there is a universal connection between the objective world. Namely, information connection. At present, in the new era of "information revolution", there are a lot of information resources that can be developed and utilized. Information method is based on the principles of information theory, system theory and cybernetics, through the collection, transmission, processing and sorting of information, to acquire knowledge and apply it to practice, in order to achieve new goals. Information method is a new scientific research method, which uses the function of information research system to reveal the deeper laws of things.

What are the main research methods of middle school pedagogy?

Investigation is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. It is a purposeful, planned and systematic method to collect materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object. Investigation is a basic research method commonly used in scientific research. It comprehensively uses historical methods, observation methods and scientific methods such as talks, questionnaires, case studies and tests to make a planned, thorough and systematic understanding of educational phenomena. And analyze, synthesize, compare and summarize a large number of data collected by the investigation, so as to provide people with regular knowledge. The most commonly used survey method is questionnaire survey, which is a research method of collecting data through written questions, that is, investigators prepare a survey item list, distribute it or mail it to relevant personnel for answers. Then collect, sort out, count and study. Observation method refers to a method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the research object according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain information. Scientific observation is purposeful, planned, systematic and repeatable. In scientific experiments and investigations, observation has the following functions: ① expanding people's perceptual knowledge; (2) inspire people's thinking; ③ Guide new discoveries. Experimental method Experimental method is a scientific research method to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things by changing the main branch and controlling the research object. Its main features are: first, active innovation. Both observation and investigation are aimed at understanding the research object without disturbing it. Find the problem. However, experiments need to actively manipulate experimental conditions, artificially change the existing mode and changing process of objects, and make them obey the needs of scientific understanding. Second, control. Scientific experiments require reducing or eliminating the interference of various irrelevant factors that may affect science according to the needs of research, and understanding the research object in a simplified and purified state. Third, causality. Experiment is an effective tool and necessary way to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things. Literature research method is a method to obtain information by investigating literature according to certain research purposes or topics, so as to comprehensively and correctly understand and master the problems to be studied. Literature research methods are widely used in various disciplines. Its functions are as follows: ① It can understand the history and present situation of related problems and help to determine the research topic. ② It can form an overall impression of the research object, which is helpful for observation and visit. ③ Contrast data of real data can be obtained. (4) help to understand the whole picture of things. Empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. According to the needs of existing scientific theory and practice, it puts forward the design, uses scientific instruments and equipment, and purposefully manipulates them step by step under natural conditions. The activity of determining the causal relationship between conditions and phenomena by observing, recording and measuring the changes of accompanying phenomena. The main purpose is to explain the relationship between various independent variables and a dependent variable. Quantitative analysis In scientific research, people can further refine their understanding of the research object through quantitative analysis, so as to reveal the law more scientifically, grasp the essence and clarify the relationship. Predict the development trend of things. Qualitative analysis is the qualitative analysis of the research object. Specifically, it is to use induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstract generalization and other methods to process the obtained materials, so that we can get rid of the rough, get rid of the false and keep the true, understand the essence of things from the outside to the inside, and reveal the internal laws. Interdisciplinary research method is a method of comprehensive research on a subject as a whole by using the theories, methods and achievements of multiple disciplines, also known as "cross-research method". The law of scientific development movement shows that science is highly integrated in high differentiation and forms a unified whole. According to the statistics of relevant experts, there are now more than 2,000 disciplines in the world, and the trend of discipline differentiation is still intensifying. But at the same time, the links between disciplines are getting closer and closer, and there is a trend of unification in language, methods and some concepts. Case study method is a research method to identify a specific object among the research objects, investigate and analyze it, and find out its characteristics and formation process. There are three basic types of case studies: (1) personal investigation, that is, investigation and study of a person in an organization; (2) Group investigation, that is, investigation and study of an organization or group; (3) problem investigation, that is, to investigate a phenomenon or problem. Functional analysis is a method used by social science to analyze social phenomena, and it is also one of the commonly used analytical methods in social investigation. It explains social phenomena by explaining how social phenomena meet the needs of a social system (that is, what functions they have). Quantitative research method, also known as "statistical analysis method" and "quantitative analysis method", refers to a research method to understand and reveal the interrelationships, changing laws and development trends of things through the analysis and research of the quantitative relations such as the scale, speed, scope and degree of the research object, so as to achieve the correct explanation and prediction of things. Model method is to create a similar model according to the main characteristics of the prototype, and then indirectly study the description method of the prototype through the model. According to the similarity between model and prototype, simulation methods can be divided into physical simulation and mathematical simulation. Exploratory research method is a high-level scientific research activity. It uses known information to explore and create new knowledge and produce novel and unique results or products. Information research method Information research method is a scientific research method using the functions of information research system. Weiner, an American mathematician, communication engineer and physiologist, believes that there is a universal connection between the objective world. Namely, information connection. At present, in the new era of "information revolution", there are a lot of information resources that can be developed and utilized. Information method is based on the principles of information theory, system theory and cybernetics, through the collection, transmission, processing and sorting of information, to acquire knowledge and apply it to practice, in order to achieve new goals. Information method is a new scientific research method, which uses the function of information research system to reveal the deeper laws of things.

What are the research methods commonly used in comparative education?

A new branch of educational science. There are different opinions about what comparative education is. Most scholars of comparative education believe that we should study the major international education problems in the development of world education from the reality of each country, rather than conceiving a formal theoretical system with no practical significance from an abstract definition.

Comparative pedagogy is to study the education of different countries, nationalities and regions in the world from the viewpoint and method of Marxism, using the viewpoint and method of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and comprehensively applying relevant new science and technology; On the basis of discussing their respective economic, political, philosophical and national traditional characteristics, this paper studies some commonalities, development laws and general trends of education, and makes a scientific prediction. In order to give full play to the best role of education according to the national characteristics and the specific situation of the country and serve to improve the quality of education and the people's cultural and scientific level.

The basic characteristics of comparative pedagogy ① Internationality. Comparative education should at least make a comparative study of education in more than two countries. It is transnational and has international characteristics. ② Comparability. In international education, only through comparison can we identify, and only through identification can we explore scientific conclusions that conform to objective laws as a reference for our country. ③ Comprehensive or interdisciplinary. The task of comparative pedagogy research is to concentrate the achievements of several social disciplines to study the education of various countries, which spans the scope of several disciplines. Therefore, it is necessary to have knowledge of philosophy, history, political economy and sociology, and be familiar with the research methods of these disciplines in order to make a historical and social concrete analysis and comprehensive comparison of education in various countries.

The first stage of the development of comparative education (1817 ~1917) is characterized by "reference". 18 17 French educator M.-A. Julian first put forward "the research plan and preliminary opinions of comparative education". He put forward four creative suggestions on comparative education research: ① Organize an international education association, hire permanent public servants to undertake the collection of comparative education materials. (2) Collect information from various countries through questionnaires, so that the International Education Commission can put forward appropriate suggestions on education reform. ③ Establish a normal school network and train teachers with the latest methods. (4) Periodically issue educational publications in various languages to spread the experience of educational reform. These suggestions have certain theoretical and historical significance for the development of comparative pedagogy. The second stage (19 17~ 1945). The second stage is from the October Revolution to the Second World War. The main feature of this stage is to make an international comparative study of the development of education systems in various countries in the world and explore the basic factors that dominate the education systems in various countries. Kandel, an American educator, is a representative figure at this stage. His book Comparative Pedagogy, written in 1933, had a great influence on the teaching and research of comparative education at that time. China once translated the book into Chinese as a teaching material for comparative education in universities ... ; Krupskaya also studied the educational experience of the United States, Germany, Austria, France, Belgium and Switzerland, which had a certain influence on the educational development of the Soviet Union. The main feature of the third stage (1945 till now) is to deepen and expand the research results on the basis of international educational experience. The performance is as follows: ① expanding and building new research institutions. 195 1 year, UNESCO established the Hamburg Institute of Education, 1956, and established the international educational achievement evaluation association and other institutions. Council of the World Society for Comparative Education was established. By 1980s, the Society had held the World Conference on Comparative Education in Ottawa, Geneva, London and Tokyo, and achieved important research results. ② Diversified comparative research methods. In the previous stage, the historical research methods of kandel and others were mainly used; At this stage, in addition to historical law, many educators introduced the concepts and research methods of social science into the research field of comparative education, and some new research methods of comparative education appeared.

To become a science, the comparative education of research methods must be guided by dialectical materialism and historical materialism, proceed from the reality of various countries, and use various scientific methods of comparative research. Commonly used methods are divided into two categories: ① Comparison based on regional studies. (2) Comparison based on problem research. In addition, descriptive methods, historical methods, sociological methods and statistical methods can be supplemented. In the research, we should use various methods flexibly according to the research object and task, so that the results of comparative research have universal significance.

Although great achievements have been made in the research of comparative education, more and more countries in the world attach importance to comparative education. However, due to the different educational systems and guiding ideology of different countries, how to solve the problem of unifying comparative standards in comparative education research needs comparative educators to explore deeply and find another way.

Research direction of pedagogy

Research direction:

There are various views on the research direction of pedagogy. Some people think it is an educational phenomenon, some people think it is an educational fact, some people think it is an educational law, some people think it is two or three of the above three, and some people generally think it is education or people. Most of these views are vague and specious.

The research object of pedagogy should be "educational problems" based on "educational facts" and guided by educational values, with the purpose of exploring and revealing the regular relationship between educational activities and serving educational practice.

Educational problems mark the bud of pedagogy; The development of educational problems is the internal motive force to promote the development of pedagogy, and the transformation of educational problems is manifested in the change of educational research tradition and paradigm; Different answers to the same question have formed different educational thoughts and ideas and their factions. Pedagogical research should have "problem consciousness" to prevent the emergence of "false problems" and deepen the problems continuously.

Pedagogy is a social science that studies educational phenomena and their laws. It exists widely in human life. Through the study of educational phenomena and problems, the general laws of education are revealed.

/kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, the emergence of Marxism and the development of modern psychology and physiology laid the foundation of dialectical materialism philosophy and natural science for science education. The development of modern production, science and technology and the extensiveness and richness of educational practice have further promoted the development of pedagogy. The research object of pedagogy is the phenomena and problems of human education and the general laws of education. It is an intrinsic and essential connection and relationship among education, society, people and various factors within education, which is objective, inevitable, stable and repetitive. Such as the relationship between education and society's politics, production, economy, culture and population, the relationship between educational activities and human development, the relationship between school education, social education and family education within education, the relationship between primary education, secondary education and university education, the relationship between educational objectives in secondary education and teaching and extracurricular education, and the relationship between intellectual education and moral, intellectual, physical and artistic work in educational and teaching activities. There is a regular relationship between the teaching of educators and the teaching of educatees in intellectual education, and between students' learning motivation, learning attitude, learning methods and academic performance in learning activities. The task of pedagogy is to explore and reveal various educational laws, clarify various educational problems and establish a theoretical system of pedagogy.

What do you think of the course of educational research methods?

The textbook "Educational Research Methods" has only ten classes in the semester, each class is two hours, and writing the opening report has four hours. There are actually only eight classes. I think the class hours are a little short, which makes the teaching of this course seem hasty. Students need to master more content in a short time, so it is difficult to learn.

This course is divided into nine topics, from the introduction of educational research methods in the first topic, research planning in the second topic, literature review in the third topic, literature review in the fourth topic, quantitative research methods in the fifth topic, qualitative research methods in the sixth topic, writing the opening report in the seventh topic, writing the opening report in the eighth topic to writing the graduation thesis in the ninth topic. In view of the limitation of class hours, teachers focus on teaching and pay attention to the systematization and integrity of knowledge. For example, the fourth chapter of selective sampling, the fifth chapter of experimental research, and the sixth chapter of investigation and research are the contents of the fifth topic quantitative research method, and the eighth chapter of case study and the ninth chapter of action research are the contents of the sixth topic qualitative research method.

On the basis of teaching content, teachers highlight the practicability and operability of educational research methods and technologies. First, let us have a preliminary understanding of educational research methods, then teach the content of research planning and choose the basic procedures of research planning: first, discover research topics; The second is to analyze the research background of related topics; The third is to clarify the project objectives; The fourth is to determine the research methods; The fifth is to make a research plan; The sixth is to write a project demonstration report. According to the following teaching contents-literature review, literature review, quantitative research methods, qualitative research methods, opening report and graduation thesis writing, the teacher first told us that the teaching materials of the research plan are in line with our learning characteristics and scientific.

The writing of opening report and graduation thesis is very important for our undergraduate normal students. The writing of the opening report includes the basis and significance of the topic, research objectives and main contents, research methods and means, reference catalogue, literature review and so on. Learning "Educational Research Methods" has practical significance from the short-term goal, and makes theoretical and preliminary practical preparations for the writing of the opening report and graduation thesis; From the perspective of teachers' positions of normal students in the future, it is of long-term practical significance to learn educational research methods, accurately master relevant educational research and theories, gradually establish a correct attitude towards scientific research, master certain scientific research procedures, methods and skills, and form scientific research consciousness and scientific literacy to actively participate in educational scientific research activities, and have the basic ability to engage in educational scientific research.