Unit 1: Biology and Biosphere

1, scientific exploration included together:

Ask questions, make assumptions, make plans, implement plans, draw conclusions and express communication.

2. Biological characteristics

1) Living needs of organisms: Most plants produce organic matter through photosynthesis (autotrophic); Animals get ready-made nutrition (heterotrophy) from the outside.

2) living things can breathe.

3) Organisms can excrete wastes from their bodies.

The way animals excrete waste: sweating, exhaling and urinating.

The way plants excrete waste: fallen leaves.

4) Living things can respond to external comfort-stress. Exodus: The zebra flees quickly after discovering the enemy's harm. The response of mimosa to comfort.

5) Organisms can grow and reproduce.

6) All living things are made up of cells except viruses.

3. Scope of the biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.

4. The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.

5. Environmental factors affecting biological life:

6, biological adaptation and the impact on the environment:

7. Concept and composition of ecosystem

Concept: the unity of biology and environment in a certain area is called ecosystem.

Composition: including biological part and abiotic part. The biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic parts include sunlight, water, air, temperature, etc.

8, food chain and food web:

9. List different ecosystems:

Biosphere is the largest ecosystem, including forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, fresh water ecosystem and farmland ecosystem.

Second unit

10, and observe the loading situation with a microscope.

1 1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of biological activities.

12, unique structure of plant cells: cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole.

13, Preparation and Observation of Onion Epidermal Cell Slices

14, preparation and observation of oral epithelial cell patch

15, the function of cell membrane: let useful substances enter the cell, keep other substances out of the cell, and at the same time discharge the waste generated in the cell.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy converters in cells.

17, the role of nucleus in biological inheritance

18. Cells undergo fire cracking to produce new cells: during division, the nucleus is divided into two parts, and then the cytoplasm is divided into two parts, each part contains a nucleus. Finally, a new cell membrane is formed in the center of the original cell, and plant cells also form new cell walls. As a result, one cell divides into two cells.

19, cell differentiation constitutes tissue.

20. The structural level of human body: cell → tissue → organ → system → human body.

2 1. The structural level of plants: cells → tissues → organs → plants (plants are unsystematic).

Six organs of green flowering plants: roots, stems, leaves (belonging to vegetative organs), flowers, fruits and seeds (belonging to reproductive organs).

23. An organism that needs only one cell.

Yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, Amoeba and so on are all single-celled organisms, which can live independently and have all physiological activities.

The causes of red tide formation are eutrophication of water and reproduction of single-celled organisms.

24. The shape, structure and characteristics of life activities of the virus.

(1) Species: According to parasitic cells, it can be divided into animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage).

(2) Structure: It consists of protein shell and genetic material (nucleic acid). No cell structure.

Life: It must be parasitic in living cells.

Third unit

27. Distinguish between rare algae, mosses and ferns.

28. Distinguish rare gymnosperms from angiosperms.

29. Main structure of seeds (similarities and differences between kidney bean seeds and corn seeds)

similarities and differences

Bean seeds have seed coat, embryos have no endosperm, and nutrients are stored in cotyledons. Two cotyledons.

Corn seeds have seed coat, embryos have endosperm, and nutrients are stored in endosperm. Cotyledons.

Drop a drop of iodine on the corn profile and the endosperm will be dyed blue.

30, seed germination conditions

3 1. The process of seed germination: firstly, it absorbs water (the need of transporting nutrients), the radicle breaks the seed coat to form roots, the hypocotyl elongates, and the embryo develops into stems and leaves.

32, plant growth:

33. Structure of peach blossom: flower stalk, sepals, petals, pistil (stigma, style, ovary), stamens (anthers, filaments).

34. Composition of fruits and seeds

35. Characteristics of root system suitable for water absorption: The part of root system that absorbs water is mainly the mature area of root tip. There are a lot of root hairs in the mature area.

Function of conduit: transport water and inorganic salts.

Water is transported from bottom to top by conduit, and nutrients are transported from top to bottom by sieve tube.

36. Transpiration: Stomata are the gateway of plant transpiration and water loss, and also the window of gas exchange. Stomata are composed of a pair of guard cells.

The significance of transpiration: promoting plants to absorb water; Promote the transportation of water and inorganic salts by plants; Calm down.

37. Optical Association:

38, the respiration of plants

Fourth unit

The ancestors of modern apes and humans are forest apes.

Structure and function of male and female reproductive system

Male: Testicle-produces sperm and secretes androgen.

Female: ovary-produces egg cells and secretes estrogen.

Uterus-the place where embryos develop, and the place where fetuses exchange materials with their mothers is the placenta.

Fallopian tube-the place of fertilization

4 1 Physical changes in adolescence

(1) The height suddenly increased, and the nervous system and cardiopulmonary functions were also significantly enhanced.

(2) Rapid development of sexual organs: boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.

42 main nutrients needed by human body

Six nutrients: sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

44 the composition of the human digestive system:

The process of food digestion and nutrient absorption.

Salivary amylase at the end of oral sugar digestion

Pepsin is digested in the fundus of protein's stomach.

Small intestine sugar, protein and fat can digest enzymes that digest sugar, fat and protein.

Pay attention to food safety.

Composition of human respiratory system

The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs.

47. Gas circulation between alveoli and blood:

Composition and function of blood

49 Structure and function of three kinds of blood vessels

Concept and function of vascular types-wall

Centrifugal tube for arterial blood supply has the advantages of thick wall, high elasticity and fast blood flow rate.

The venous return blood vessel has thin wall, small elasticity and slow blood flow.

Capillaries connect at least the blood vessels between arteries and veins. The place where substances exchange between blood and cells is very thin and consists of a layer of epithelial cells, and the blood flow velocity in the tube is the slowest.

50 Structure and function of heart (P68 diagram)

5 1 human systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation (P70)

Distinguish arterial blood from venous blood

Blood transfusion, blood type and voluntary blood donation

The composition of human urinary system: kidney (producing urine), ureter, bladder (temporarily storing urine) and urethra.

Composition and excretion process of urine.

56. The structure and visual composition of the eyeball:

57. The composition and function of the nervous system:

Neurons are the basic units that constitute the structure and function of the nervous system, and have the functions of receiving comfort, generating excitement and conducting excitement. 58. The basic way of neural regulation and the structure of reflex arc:

The basic way of nerve conditioning is reflex. The structural basis of reflection is reflex arc,

59. The role of several hormones in the human body:

Exocrine glands: ductal salivary glands and sweat glands.

Endocrine gland: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, islet and gonad that directly enter the blood circulation.

(2) Hormones: Trace chemicals secreted by endocrine gland cells have special conditioning effects on the body.

Symptoms of hormone secretion by endocrine glands

The development and function of thyroid hormone central nervous system can improve the excitability of nervous system. Dementia, hyperthyroidism, endemic goiter

Pituitary growth hormone promotes bone development and regulates growth and development. Dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly

Islet insulin regulates glucose metabolism and reduces blood glucose concentration. Symptoms of diabetes and hypoglycemia

60. The impact of human activities on biology:

(1) Deforestation seriously damages the ecological environment, exacerbates soil erosion and causes sandstorms.

(2) Air pollution will constitute acid rain.

(3) Water pollution will destroy the water ecosystem.

(4) Invasion of alien species will seriously harm local organisms.

(5) Human activities will also improve the ecological environment.

Fifth unit

Animals can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates according to whether they have backbones or not. There are 6.5438+0.5 million known animal species, among which there are more than 6.5438+0.5 million insects, which is the most diverse group.

6 1. Fish: Swimming depends on the swing of tail and the coordination of fins. The swing of the trunk and tail produces the power to move forward. The pectoral fin, ventral fin and dorsal fin maintain the balance of the fish, and the caudal fin controls the direction of movement; Gills are the respiratory organs of fish, and the gill filaments are densely covered with capillaries, which can absorb oxygen dissolved in water. Warm animals that lay eggs.

Coelenterates; With a mouth but no anus. Such as anemones, jellyfish and corals.

Molluscs: Molluscs are maintained by shells. Such as octopus, squid, mussel, snail, etc.

Crustacea: There are hard nails on the body surface. Such as shrimp, crab, Daphnia, etc.

62. Earthworms: 1 live in humid soil rich in humus. 2. Feed on dead leaves and rotten roots of plants. 3. Through the coordination of muscles and bristles, the body wriggles (moving faster on rough paper than on glass plate); Body segmentation makes body movements more sensitive. 4. Breathe by the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist. 5, annelids, such as Nereis, leeches, etc.

63. The main characteristics of mammals:

Body surface coat; Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and molars; There is a diaphragm in the body cavity; Breathe with the lungs; The heart has four chambers; Constant body temperature; The brain is booming; Most of them are viviparous and breastfeeding.

Rabbits are compatible with phytophagy: incisors (cutting off food) and molars (grinding food) are vigorous, without canine teeth (tearing food), and cecum is vigorous.

64. Animals flying in the air:

65. The structure and characteristics of skeletal muscle:

66. According to the way of behavior acquisition, it can be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior of animals:

67. The role of animals in nature:

Sixth unit

68. External structure and reproduction mode of bacteria.

69. The nutrition mode of mold and mushroom: There is no chloroplast in the cell, and ready-made organic matter is used to obtain the material and energy needed for life activities.

70. The difference between bacteria and fungi: there is no nucleus formed in bacteria.

Fungi: There are real nuclei and spores in cells.

7 1. The role of bacteria and fungi in material circulation

72. Microbes and human life:

Comparing the shapes and structures of plants, flowers, fruits and seeds is an important basis in angiosperms.

The classification of animals compares the external structure and physiological function.

74. Taxonomic units: phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. Basic unit: species.

The larger the taxonomic unit, the more biological categories it includes, the lower the similarity between organisms and the farther the genetic relationship; The smaller the classification unit, the opposite is true.

75. Biodiversity includes biodiversity, genetic diversity (a species is a gene pool) and ecosystem diversity. The essence of species diversity is gene diversity. China is the hometown of gymnosperms. Bryophytes, ferns and seed plants rank third in the world.

76. The reasons why biodiversity is threatened are deforestation, overfishing and killing, environmental pollution, invasion of alien species, etc. The most effective measure is to establish nature reserves.

77. Maintaining the living environment of organisms and maintaining the diversity of ecosystems is the fundamental measure to maintain biodiversity, and establishing nature reserves is the most effective measure to maintain biodiversity.

Unit 7 the continuation and development of life in the biosphere

Chapter I Reproduction and Development of Organisms

Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction of plants. Reproduction and development of insects

1. Complete metamorphosis: In the process of fertilized eggs developing into a new population, the structure and living habits of larvae and adults are very different. This development process is called complete metamorphosis: eggs → larvae → pupae → adults. For example: silkworms, bees, butterflies, moths, flies and mosquitoes.

2. Incomplete metamorphosis: egg → nymph → adult. Examples: locust, cicada, cricket, mole cricket, mantis.

Third, the reproduction and development process of amphibians

1, frog development process: male frog chirping → male and female frogs embrace → frog egg mass (in vitro fertilization) → tadpole → frog.

2. Four stages of frog development: fertilized egg, tadpole, young frog and adult frog.

3. Frog larvae live in water and breathe through gills. Adults live in the ocean, or they can live in water, breathing with their lungs and skin.

The reason why amphibians have a small distribution range and few species is that the reproduction and larval development of amphibians must live in water, and the larvae can only go ashore after metamorphosis.

4. The influence of environmental change on amphibian reproduction: it leads to the decline of amphibian reproduction and reproduction ability. The reason why deformed frogs appear: the water quality is polluted.

Four. Reproductive and developmental processes of birds

1, the structure of bird eggs: the blastoderm contains the nucleus. Eggshell and shell membrane-maintenance, egg white-nutrition and maintenance, egg yolk-nutrition. The blastoderm is where the embryo develops. Yolk, yolk membrane and blastoderm are an egg cell.

2. Reproductive and developmental processes of birds: courtship, mating, nesting, spawning, hatching and brooding.

Chapter II Inheritance and Variation of Organisms

First, genes control biological characteristics.

1, heredity refers to the similarity between parents and children, and variation refers to the difference between parents and children. The heredity and variation of organisms are accomplished through reproduction and development;

2. Traits: the external structure, physiological characteristics and behavior of organisms.

Rare genetic traits of human body: earlobe, tongue, eyelid, nose tip, thumb and dimple.

3. Genes control biological characteristics. For example: transgenic super mice and mice.

Organisms inherit genes rather than traits.

5. Relationship among chromosomes, DNA and genes: Genes are DNA fragments on chromosomes that can control biological characteristics, and there are many genes on DAN. In organism cells (except germ cells), chromosomes exist in pairs, and genes also exist in pairs.

Second, the changes of chromosomes in the process of reproduction Third, genes are passed from parents to children.

Genes are transmitted through sperm or egg cells. Sperm and egg cells are the "bridge" of gene transmission between parents and children. Parents' genes are passed on to their offspring through reproductive activities. Each pair of chromosomes in the somatic cells of the offspring is one from the father and one from the mother. Because genes are on chromosomes, offspring have the genetic material of both parents.

Four. Dominance and recessive of genes

1, with dominant and recessive relative characters.

2. The recessive trait genome becomes dd. The dominant trait genome is called Dd or DD.

4. The provisions of China's Marriage Law: marriage shall be stopped between lineal blood relatives and collateral blood relatives within three generations. Because of this, the probability of offspring changing genetic diseases increases.

Five, human sex inheritance

1. Human sex is generally determined by sex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes include X chromosome and Y chromosome. When a pair of sex chromosomes is XX, it is female, and when a pair of sex chromosomes is XY, it is male.

2. The female secretes an egg cell with X chromosome. There are two kinds of sex chromosomes in sperm, one contains X chromosome and the other contains Y chromosome. They have equal opportunities to combine with egg cells. Therefore, boys and girls have equal opportunities.

Six, biological variation

1. The variation of biological characters is common. Variation is firstly determined by the difference of genetic material basis, and secondly related to the environment. So there are genetic variation and non-genetic variation.

2. Examples of human beings using the principle of genetic variation to cultivate new varieties: artificial selection, cross breeding and space breeding (gene mutation).

Chapter III Biological Evolution

First, the source of life on earth:

Understand the main course and general trend of biological evolution

1 the course of plant evolution

Primitive algae? → Primitive moss → Primitive ferns → Primitive seed plants (gymnosperms first, then angiosperms).

2. The process of animal evolution

Primitive single-celled animals → Primitive invertebrates (coelenterates, flatworms, linear animals, annelids, molluscs and arthropods) → Ancient fish → Amphibians → Reptiles → Birds and mammals.

3. The general trend of biological evolution is from simple to complex, from low to advanced, from aquatic to terrestrial.

Third, the reasons for biological evolution

Darwin's theory of natural selection: over-reproduction, life struggle, genetic variation, survival of the fittest.

The Eighth Unit

I. Infectious diseases

1. Pathogens causing infectious diseases are: bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.

Infectious diseases are infectious and epidemic.

2. Three basic links in the epidemic of infectious diseases.

(1) The source of infection refers to people or animals that can spread pathogens;

(2) Transmission channels such as air transmission, food transmission, biological media transmission and contact transmission.

(3) Susceptible population refers to people who lack immunity to an infectious disease and are susceptible to the disease.

Second, immunity.

1. The body's three lines of defense: skin and mucosa, as well as bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids.

2. Antibody: A special protein produced by lymphocytes after pathogens invade the human body to resist pathogens.

3. Antigen: a substance (such as a pathogen) that causes the human body to produce antibodies.

4. Specific immunity and nonspecific immunity

Nonspecific immunity (innate immunity): it is innate and plays a role in many pathogens, such as the first and second line of defense of the human body.

Specific immunity (acquired immunity): the third line of defense gradually established in life against a specific pathogen, such as the human body.

5. Functions of immunity: recognition, monitoring and self-vacillation.

Third, the knowledge of safe medication

(1) Safe drug use refers to choosing the correct drug variety, dosage and taking time according to the needs of diseases, giving full play to the best effect of drugs, and trying to avoid adverse reactions or harm caused by drugs to the human body.

(2) Drugs can be divided into prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs. OTC for short is suitable for minor injuries and ailments that consumers can easily diagnose and treat themselves.

(3) Before using any drug, you should read the instructions carefully to understand the main components, indications, usage and dosage, drug specifications, precautions, production date and expiration date of the drug to ensure drug safety.

4. 120 first aid 5. Artificial respiration. Artificial chest compression

7. Bleeding and hemostasis: external bleeding, internal bleeding,