1 Attributive clauses in complex sentences are called attributive clauses and can be used to modify nouns or pronouns. Nouns or pronouns modified by attributive clauses are called antecedents. The attributive clause must be placed after the antecedent.

The words that guide attributive clauses are usually called relative words. Relative words are generally located between antecedents and attributive clauses as a component of attributive clauses. Relative words are divided into relative pronouns and relative adverbs.

Attributive clause guided by relative pronouns

The antecedents replaced by relative pronouns are pronouns of nouns or people or things, which act as subjects, objects, attributes and other components in sentences. When a relative pronoun is used as the subject in an attributive clause, the person and number of the predicate verb of the clause should be consistent with the antecedent.

1) So-and-so

The antecedents replaced by these words are human nouns or pronouns, which are used as subjects and objects in clauses. For example:

Is he the man who wants to see you? Is he the person you want to see? (who/that is the subject in the clause)

He is the man whom I saw yesterday. He is the man whom I saw yesterday. (whom/that is the object in the clause)

2) whose is used to refer to people or things (only as an attribute, and can also be interchanged with of which if it refers to things). For example:

They rushed to help the man whose car broke down. The man's car broke down and everyone ran to help.

Please pass me the book with a green cover. Please pass me the green book.

3)which, that is, instead of the antecedent, is the noun or pronoun of the thing, which can be used as subject, object, etc. In the clause. For example:

There has been unprecedented prosperity in the countryside.

There has been unprecedented prosperity in the countryside. (which/which is the object in the sentence)

The package you are holding is about to open. The bag you are carrying is going to be scattered. (which/which is the object in the sentence)

Two. Attributive clause guided by relative adverbs

The antecedents that relative adverbs can replace are time, place or cause nouns, which are used as adverbials in clauses.

1) The relative adverbs when, where and why are equivalent to the structure of "preposition +which", so they are often used interchangeably with the structure of "preposition +which". For example:

I will never forget the day when I met her. I will never forget the day when I met her.

Beijing is the place where I was born. Beijing is my birthplace.

Is this the reason why he refused our proposal? Is that why he refused us to help him?

2)that instead of relative adverbs can be used to replace when, where, why and attributive clauses guided by "preposition +which" after nouns indicating time, place, way and reason. This is often omitted in spoken English. For example:

His father died in the year when he was born. His father died in the year when he was born.

He is unlikely to find the place where he lived forty years ago. He is unlikely to find the place where he lived forty years ago.

Three. Judging relative pronouns and adverbs

Method 1: Whether to use a relative pronoun or a relative adverb depends entirely on the predicate verb in the clause. If there is no object after the transitive verb, use a relative pronoun; Intransitive verbs need relative adverbs. For example:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I will never forget the day when I worked with you. I will never forget the day when I worked with you.

Correct one's judgment:

This is the mountain village that I visited last year.

I will never forget the days I spent in the country.

This is the mountain village that I visited last year.

I will never forget the days I spent in the country.

It is customary to associate nouns representing places or times with relational adverbs where and when. These two problems lie in the misuse of relative words.

Method 2: Accurately judge the antecedent components (subject, predicate, object, definite, form) in the attributive clause, and also correctly select relative pronouns/adverbs.

Example 1. Did you visit this museum a day ago?

A. which place

Example 2. Is this the museum where the exhibition is held?

A. which place

Answer: example 1 D, example 2 a.

1 become affirmative: This museum was visited by you the other day.

This is an exhibition held by the museum.

In the 1 sentence, the missing part is the object, and where, that and on can't play the role of object. Only the one can be the predicate of the main clause and the object of the clause, and the relative pronoun can be omitted, so D should be chosen.

In the second sentence, there are subject, predicate and object, and the clause part is an adverbial of the sentence, indicating the place. Due to the museum phrases of adverbs where and in, the preposition in+ can guide the locative adverbial. The preposition on in this question is not used correctly, so choose a.

The choice of related words is based on the components in clauses. When antecedents are used as subjects, definite articles and objects in clauses, they choose relative pronouns (Who Who, that, which, who). When the antecedent is used as an adverbial in a clause, we should choose relative adverbs (where adverbial, when adverbial, why adverbial).

Four. Restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses

There are two kinds of attributive clauses: restrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clauses. The restrictive attributive clause is an indispensable part of the antecedent, without which the meaning of the main clause is often unclear; The non-restrictive attributive clause is an additional explanation of the antecedent, and its removal will not affect the meaning of the main clause. It is usually separated from the main sentence by commas. For example:

This is the house we bought last month. This is the house we bought last month. (restrictive)

This house is very beautiful, which we bought last month. This house is very beautiful, which we bought last month. (Not limited to this)

2) When the antecedent is modified by proper nouns or possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns, the attributive clauses behind it are usually non-restrictive. For example:

Charles smith retired last year. He was my former teacher. Charlie. Smith retired last year. He used to be my teacher.

The house I bought last year has a lovely garden. The house I bought last year has a beautiful garden.

This novel is so touching that I have read it three times. This novel is very touching. I have read it three times.

3) Non-restrictive attributive clauses can also be modified with the whole main clause as the antecedent. At this time, the predicate verb of the clause should be singular in the third person. For example:

He doesn't seem to understand what I mean, which makes me very uneasy. He didn't seem to understand me, which upset me.

Liquid water becomes steam, which is called evaporation. Liquid water becomes steam, which is called evaporation.

Note: the relative pronoun that and the relative adverb why cannot guide the non-restrictive attributive clause.

Preposition+relative words

The relative words after the preposition 1 cannot be omitted.

2) There can be no preposition before 2)that.

3) Some "preposition+relative words" structures that act as adverbials of time, place or reason in clauses can be interchanged with relative adverbs when and where. For example:

This is the house where I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day when you joined our club? Remember the day when you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

The intransitive verb as, which non-restrictive attributive clause?

Non-restrictive attributive clauses guided by as and which, as and which can replace the whole main clause, which is equivalent to and this or and that. As is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, while which is in a sentence. For example:

As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. As we all know, smoking is harmful to health.

It is important for us that the sun heats the earth. The sun warms the earth, which is very important to us.

Typical example

1) Alice received an invitation from her boss, which surprised her.

A.which one is he

Answer C. that is a non-restrictive clause, which can only be modified by which. , it and him.

Sentences become sentences, and two independent sentences cannot be connected only by commas. Besides, there is no point in choosing him.

As a result, the weather was very good, which was beyond our expectation.

A.which c. d. it

Answer B. What can replace sentences, which can be used in non-restrictive attributive clauses and which can't? That can't be used in non-restrictive attributive clauses, nor is it a conjunction, which makes it impossible to merge two sentences connected by commas in English grammar.

It rained so hard yesterday that I couldn't go to the park. ..

A. which c is d?

Answer B. as and which refer to all the meanings expressed in the main clause when guiding the non-restrictive attributive clause, which can be used as both the subject and the object. But there are two main differences:

(1)as-guided attributive clauses can be placed at the beginning of a sentence, but which can't.

(2) When As stands for the whole preceding main clause and is the subject in the main clause, the predicate in the main clause must be a copula; If it is a behavioral verb, the relative pronoun in the clause can only be used which. In this question, prevent is a behavioral verb, so the correct option should be B.

Usage of as

Example 1. Be the same as; As is a fixed structure, just like … For example:

I have the same trouble as him. I have the same trouble as him.

Example 2. As can lead to non-restrictive clauses, often used with as. For example:

As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. As we all know, smoking is harmful to health.

As we all know, smoking is harmful to health.

As is a relative pronoun. For example, 1 is the object of understanding; As the subject of a clause in Example 2, the predicate verb know should be passive.

Seven. Combination of antecedent and relative words

1) Whoever spits in public places will be punished.

Parents will use all their money to send their son to a technical school.

Eight. What/whatever; That/what; Who/who

1)what = this which； Anything. For example:

What you want has been delivered here. All the verbs you want have been issued.

What you want is all the same to me. What you want has nothing to do with me.

Who = that someone. For example:

Those who break the law will be punished.

It is not clear who robbed the bank.

Anyone who breaks the law will be punished. The prince broke the law and committed the same crime as the common people.

It is not clear who robbed the bank. It is not clear who robbed the bank.

3) That and what?

When that leads the attributive clause, it is usually used as a relative pronoun, while when it leads the nominal clause, it is omitted.

A conjunction of any composition. That in object clauses and predicative clauses can often be omitted. What can only lead to nominal clauses can be used as a concrete component connecting pronouns and clauses and cannot be omitted. For example:

I think you will like these stamps. I think you will like these stamps.

What we need is more practice. What we need is more practice.

Nine. Usage of relative pronoun that

1)。

A) When introducing non-restrictive attributive clauses. For example:

This tree, which has been hungry for four years, is very famous here.

B) you can't use it after prepositions. For example:

We depend on the land for food. We depend on the land for food.

We depend on the land where we get food.

2)

(1) which and that can be used interchangeably when referring to things, but that is more common than which, especially in spoken English. But it should be noted that that can be used to refer to people, and that it cannot refer to people.

You can only use attributive clauses that cannot be guided by which:

① When the words modified by the attributive clause are also modified by adjectives, the attributive clause can only be guided by this;

This is the most interesting story I have ever heard.

② When the words modified by attributive clauses are also modified by ordinal numbers, attributive clauses can only be guided by this;

Children like the second lesson about "Football March".

(3) When the words modified by attributive clauses are simultaneously modified uniquely, very or identically,

Attributive clauses can only be guided by this;

This is the only word I know in this article.

This is the bike that I lost.

④ When the words modified by the attributive clause are also modified by indefinite pronouns, such as: all, any, no, every, little, many or more, the attributive clause can only be guided by that;

This is all my money.

⑤ When the modifier of the attributive clause is indefinite pronouns, such as everything, something, Nothing, nothing, all, none, more, little, less, etc. Attributive clauses can only be guided by this. But when something is preceded by the, the attributive clause can be led out by which.

I want to tell you something.

I want everything I want.

⑥ When the word modified by the attributive clause contains both nouns of "person" and "thing", the attributive clause can only be guided by this:

I can clearly remember the people and some photos I saw in the room.

⑦ When the word modified by the attributive clause is one one, ones, the attributive clause is guided by this:

Is this what you want?

When the subject of the main sentence is the interrogative word who or which, in order to avoid repetition, use that to guide the attributive clause:]

Who is the girl who won the first place?

(2) who refers to people, both people and things, and is used as subject or object in clauses. The object can be omitted, but the subject cannot be omitted.

The girl who helps me with my English is from England.

The teacher who spoke at the meeting just now is resting in the office.

The boy I like is here now. (As an object, it can be omitted)

note:

Who and that can be used interchangeably when referring to people, but in the following cases, who cannot use the attributive clause of that but can only use it:

① When the antecedents are one, ones and anyone, the attributive clause can only be guided by who;

(2) When the antecedents are those, who can guide the attributive clause;

(3) there is the beginning of the sentence pattern.

Note: (1)who refers to people, who is the object form, and only serves as the object in the sentence. When there is no preposition in front of it, it can also be replaced or omitted by who, such as:

Who is Yan Zhen talking to? Who is the teacher? (As an object, it can be omitted)

Who is Yan Zhen talking to? Who is the teacher? As an object, whom is mentioned before the preposition to, and whom cannot be omitted. )

(2)which refers to people or things, which is an attribute in clauses and cannot be omitted. For example:

The building whose window faces south is our school.

Note: 1) In attributive clauses guided by relative pronouns that, which, who and who, they can only be omitted if they are the objects of attributive clauses.

2) The relative pronoun is the subject of the attributive clause, and the singular and plural of the verb is determined by the noun or pronoun in front of it.

People who don't study hard won't pass the exam.

3) Because the relative pronoun or adverb has already acted as a component in the attributive clause, there cannot be repeated components in the clause.

That's the only movie I want to see. (right)

That's the only movie I want to see.