1777 was born in a craftsman's family in Brunswick, and 1855 died in gottingen on February 23rd. When I was a child, my family was poor, but I was extremely smart. I was educated by a noble. From 1795 to 1798, I studied at the University of G? ttingen, and 1798 transferred to Helmstadter University. The following year, he received his doctorate for proving the basic theorem of algebra. From 1807, he served as a professor at the University of G? ttingen and director of the G? ttingen Observatory until his death. Gauss is one of the founders of modern mathematics, and he has a great influence in history. He can be juxtaposed with Archimedes, Newton and Euler, and is known as the "prince of mathematics". Gauss's achievements cover all fields of mathematics, and he has made pioneering contributions in number theory, non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, hypergeometric series, complex variable function theory, elliptic function theory and so on. He attached great importance to the application of mathematics, and emphasized the use of mathematical methods in the research of astronomy, geodesy and magnetism. He showed superhuman mathematical genius in his early years. 1795 entered the University of G? ttingen. The next year, he discovered the regular drawing of regular heptagon. The condition that a ruler can be used as a regular polygon is given, and the unsolved problem since Euclid is solved.
Gauss's mathematical research covers almost all fields and has made pioneering contributions in number theory, algebra, non-Euclidean geometry, complex variable function, differential geometry and so on. He also applied mathematics to the study of astronomy, geodesy and magnetism, and invented the principle of least square method. Korea's research on number theory was summarized in Arithmetic Research (180 1), which laid the foundation of modern number theory. It is not only an epoch-making work in number theory, but also one of the rare classic works in the history of mathematics. Gauss's important contribution to algebra is to prove the basic theorem of algebra, and his existence proof opens up a new way of mathematical research. Gauss got the principle of non-Euclidean geometry around 18 16. He also deeply studied the complex variable function, established some basic concepts and discovered the famous Cauchy integral theorem. He also discovered the double periodicity of elliptic functions, but these works were not published before his death. 1828, Gauss published "General Theory of Surfaces", which comprehensively and systematically expounded the differential geometry of spatial surfaces and put forward the theory of intrinsic surfaces. Gaussian surface theory was later developed by Riemann. Gauss published 155 papers in his life. He is very strict with his studies and only publishes what he thinks is mature. His works include the concept of geomagnetism and the law of universal gravitation. Repulsion is inversely proportional to the square of distance.
Gauss's most famous story is that when he was ten years old, the primary school teacher gave an arithmetic problem: "Calculate 1+2+3 …+ 100 =?" . This is difficult for beginners of arithmetic, but Gauss solved the answer in a few seconds. He used the symmetry of arithmetic progression (arithmetic progression) and then put the numbers together like a general arithmetic progression sum: 1+ 100, 2+99, 3+98, ... 49+52. In 180 1 year, Gauss On New Year's Day that year, a celestial body named Ceres was discovered, which was later proved to be an asteroid. At that time, it seemed to be approaching the sun. Although astronomers have 40 days to observe it, they can't calculate its orbit. After only three observations, Gauss proposed a method to calculate the orbital parameters, and the accuracy achieved enabled astronomers to reposition Ceres at the end of 180 1 and the beginning of 1802 without any difficulty. In this calculation method, Gauss used the least square method he created in about 1794 (a method that can get the best estimate from the minimum sum of variance in a specific calculation), and this method was recognized in astronomy. The method described in his celestial motion theory is still used today, and it can meet the requirements of modern computers with a little modification. Gauss achieved similar success on the asteroid "Pallas Athena". In the history of mathematical prodigies, prodigies appeared from time to time. Prodigies often appear in mathematics, music, chess and other fields. C.F.Gauss, a mathematical genius, is the best among all kinds of geniuses. Just as the lion is called the king of beasts, Gauss is the king of mathematicians. He has a nice name-Prince of Mathematics. Gauss is not only recognized as the greatest mathematician in19th century, but also as the three greatest mathematicians in history with Archimedes and Newton. Now the names of Archimedes and Newton have already entered the middle school textbooks, and their work has more or less become common sense, while Gauss and his mathematics are still out of reach, even in the basic courses of universities. However, the portrait of Gauss is impressively printed on the German paper 10 mark with the largest circulation, and George Washington and Elizabeth II appear on the US dollar and the British pound respectively. 1777 On April 30th, Gauss was born in Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany. No one in his ancestors can explain why Gauss is such a genius. Gauss's father was an ordinary laborer who worked as a stonemason, tracker and gardener. His mother, his father's second wife, is a maid and has no education, but she is smart, kind, humorous and has a strong personality. She died at the age of 97, and Gauss was her only adopted son. It is said that Gauss discovered a mistake in his father's book when he was three years old. When Gauss was 9 years old, he was studying in a public elementary school. Once, his teacher asked his students to add up the numbers 1 to 100. Almost immediately, Gauss put the slate face down on his desk. When all the slates were finally turned over, the teacher was surprised to find that only Gauss got the correct answer: 5050, but there was no calculation process. Gauss has summed up this arithmetic progression in his mind. He noticed that1+100 =1kloc-0/,2+99 =1kloc-0/,3+98 =1. In his later years, Gauss often humorously claimed that he could calculate before he could speak, and said that he asked adults how to pronounce letters, so he learned to read. Gauss's precocity attracted the attention of the Duke of Brunswick, who was an enthusiastic patron. Gauss/Kloc-entered Brunswick College at the age of 0/4, and/Kloc-entered the University of G? ttingen at the age of 0/8. At that time, Gottingen was still unknown, and the arrival of Gauss made this world-famous university play an important role in the future. At first, Gauss hesitated between becoming a linguist and a mathematician. It was on March 30th 1796 that he decided to devote himself to mathematics. At the age of 19, he made amazing contributions to the Euclidean drawing theory of regular polygons (only using compasses and scaleless rulers), especially when he discovered the method of making regular heptagons, which is a mathematical unsolved case with a history of more than 2,000 years. Gauss has been in full swing since he was a rookie, and has maintained this level for the next 50 years. Gauss lived in the era of German romanticism. Influenced by fashion, Gauss is full of beautiful words in his personal letters and stories. Gauss said: "Mathematics is the queen of science, and number theory is the queen of mathematics." People in that era also called Gauss "the prince of mathematics". In fact, throughout Gauss's life's work, it seems to be romantic. In Gauss's time, few people could share his ideas or provide him with new ones. Whenever he discovers a new theory, he has no one to discuss. This sense of loneliness, accumulated over time, caused his aloof indifference. This intellectual loneliness has only been experienced by a few great men in history. Gauss never takes part in public debates. He always hates arguing. He thinks it is easy to turn into a stupid cry, which may be a psychological resistance to his rude and autocratic father since he was a child. Gauss rarely left G? ttingen after becoming famous, and repeatedly refused invitations from Berlin and St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Gauss even hates teaching and is not keen on cultivating and discovering young people. Naturally, it is impossible to build any schools. This is mainly due to Gauss's outstanding talent, so he is lonely inside. But this does not mean that Gauss has no outstanding students. Riemann sum Dirichlet was a great mathematician, and Detkin and Eisenstein also made outstanding contributions to mathematics. But because of the peak of Gauss, among these people, only Riemann (who succeeded Gauss after Dirichlet's death) is considered close to Gauss. Jacoby and Abel, great mathematicians of Gauss's contemporaries, complained that Gauss neglected their achievements. Jacoby is a thoughtful man. He has a famous saying that has been passed down to this day: "The only purpose of science is to add luster to the human spirit." He is a compatriot of Gauss and Dirichlet's father-in-law, but he has never been able to reach a close friendship with Gauss. 1849 At the celebration in G? ttingen, jacoby, who came from Berlin, sat on the honor seat next to Gauss. When he wanted to find a topic to talk about mathematics, Gauss ignored it. This may be the wrong time. At that time, Gauss had a few glasses of liqueur, and he was a little uncontrollable. But even on another occasion, I'm afraid the result is the same. In a letter to his brother about the banquet, jacoby wrote, "You know, in these twenty years, he (Gauss) never mentioned me and Dirichlet ..." Abel's fate was tragic. Like his later compatriots Ibsen, Greg and Monk, he is the only Norwegian who has made worldwide achievements in his field. He is a great genius, but he lives in poverty and knows nothing about his contemporaries. When Abel was 20 years old, he solved a big problem in the history of mathematics, that is, he proved that it is impossible to solve the general quintic equation with roots. He sent some famous mathematicians in Europe a short six-page "insoluble" proof, and Gauss naturally received one. Abel was full of confidence in his introduction, thinking that mathematicians would accept this paper in good faith. Soon, Abel, the son of a country priest, started the only hiking trip in his life. He wanted to use this article as a stepping stone at that time. Abel's greatest wish on this trip is to visit Gauss, but Gauss is out of reach. He just browsed a few lines, then put it aside and continued to concentrate on his research. On the journey from Paris to Berlin, Abel had to bypass Gottingen with increasing pain. Although Gauss is aloof and arrogant, it is surprising that he has been living a well-off middle class life without being hit by the cold reality. This kind of blow is often mercilessly imposed on everyone who lives out of the real environment. Perhaps Gauss's pragmatic and perfect personality helps him to grasp the simple reality in life. Gauss received his doctorate at the age of 22, was elected as a foreign academician of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences at the age of 25, and was appointed as a professor of mathematics and director of the Observatory at the age of 30. Although Gauss doesn't like flashy glory, in the fifty years after he became famous, these things fell on him like raindrops, and almost all of Europe was involved in this wave of awards. He won 75 honors in his life, including "Senator" awarded by King George III of England 18 1845, and 1845. Gauss's two marriages were also very happy. After his first wife died in childbirth, Gauss married his second wife in less than ten months. There is a common phenomenon in psychology and physiology. People who have a happy marriage often remarry soon after losing their spouse, and so does johann sebastian bach, a musician who has been down and out all his life. The versatile Gauss was not only a mathematician, but also one of the greatest physicists and astronomers of his time. In the same year of arithmetic research, that is, on New Year's Day of 180 1, an Italian astronomer observed the movement of stars with one-eighth luminosity near Aries in Sicily. This asteroid, now called Ceres, appeared in the sky for 4 1 day, swept for an octave and disappeared into the sunlight. At that time, astronomers were not sure whether the new star was a comet or a planet. This problem soon became the focus of academic attention, and even became a philosophical issue. Hegel once wrote an article mocking astronomers, saying that there is no need to be so keen on finding the eighth planet. He believes that with his logical method, it can be proved that there are no more planets or fewer planets in the solar system, only seven. Gauss was also fascinated by this star, and he used the observation data provided by astronomers to calculate its trajectory unhurriedly. No matter how unhappy Hegel was, a few months later, this asteroid, which was first discovered and is still the largest, appeared in the position designated by Gauss on time. Since then, asteroids and planets (Neptune and Pluto) have been discovered. In physics, Gauss's most remarkable achievement was that he invented the wired telegraph with physicist Weber in 1833, which made Gauss's reputation surpass the academic circle and enter the mass society. In addition, Gauss has made outstanding contributions in mechanics, geodesy, hydraulics, electrodynamics, magnetism and optics. Even in mathematics, we only talked about a small part of his work in the field of number theory when he was young. In his long life, he has done pioneering work in almost every field of mathematics. For example, about a century after he published "A General Study of Surface Theory", Einstein commented: "Gauss's contribution to the development of modern physics, especially to the mathematical basis of relativity (referring to surface theory) is beyond all, and its importance is unparalleled."